代工套牢：台灣電腦代工廠商的發展與升級

台灣高科技產業的發展過程中，一直被認為是以資本及勞力密集的低利潤代工生產為主要發展模式，故而接續的產業發展目標，應朝向「技術升級」或「產業轉型」兩途徑。前者意指投入研發活動以提高廠商技術能力，後者則指朝向品牌通路發展，將國家產業結構的重心自製造業導向轉型成服務業為主。然而，上述兩途徑皆忽略了將「生產製造」所具有的技術及知識視為專業生產服務的產業現況。本文透過對台灣電腦產業發展過程及現狀的重新檢視後發現，「經濟理性」與「人情信任」皆無法充分解釋台灣電子業代工廠商的競爭利基。首先，台灣高科技廠商具有獨特的生產流程知識與技術能力，成為「技術密集的製造服務」（Technology-intensive Manufacturing Service，TiMS）的專業提供者，已不同於純粹資本與勞力密集的代工層次。其次，台灣高科技代工廠商謹守代工領域的「行規信任」，藉由上述技術能力與委託客戶在整體生產流程相互嵌入（Inter-embedded），使台灣電腦代工廠商與價值鏈的互動不僅為經濟理性的勢力競爭（Force Competition），更具有雙方信任合作的價值共創（Value Co-production），因而在全球產業鏈佔有難以取代的一席之地。上述因為代工廠商的技術能力、加上行規信任，而與客戶形成生產鑲嵌的互動關係，本文稱之為「代工套牢」（Lock-in by Contract Manufacturing）。第三，本文也將指出，台灣電腦代工廠商在市場競爭驅動下，發掘並掌握了下游新興市場及上游製程技術的興起，進而從製造區塊分別向兩端延伸，獲取了愈來愈大比例的產業鏈利潤。最後，本文認為對後進國家（Catching-up Country）而言，技術基底的生產能力依舊是國家的重要發展方向，尤其若前沿技術的自主創新尚未出現成效，更應注意自身所處產業鏈位置的競爭優勢，以免被更為後進的國家所取代。

關鍵字

代工；套牢；製造服務；產業升級

並列摘要

In the development process of Taiwan's high-tech industry, it has always been considered that capital and labor-intensive low-profit OEM production is the main development model. Therefore, the continuous industrial development goals should be directed to the "technology upgrade" or "industrial transformation". The former refers to investing in R & D activities to improve the technological capabilities of manufacturers, while the latter refers to the development of brand channels, and the focus of the national industrial structure is shifted from manufacturing-oriented to service-oriented. However, both of the above approaches ignore the status quo of the industry that regards the technology and knowledge of "manufacturing" as professional production services. After reviewing the development process and current status of Taiwan's computer industry, this article finds that neither "economic rationality" nor "human trust" can fully explain the competitive niche of Taiwan's electronics foundries.First of all, Taiwan's high-tech manufacturers have unique production process knowledge and technical capabilities, and become professional providers of "Technology-intensive Manufacturing Service" (TiMS), which is different from pure capital and labor-intensive OEM levels. . Secondly, Taiwan's high-tech foundries adhere to the "rules of trust" in the foundry field. With the above-mentioned technical capabilities and entrusted customers in the overall production process (Inter-embedded), Taiwan computer foundries and value chain interaction It is not only a competition for economic rational forces (Force Competition), but also a value co-production of trust and cooperation between the two parties. Therefore, it has an irreplaceable place in the global industry chain. Because of the technical capabilities of the foundry manufacturers and the trust of the regulations, the above-mentioned interactive relationship with production inlays has been formed with customers. This article calls it "Lock-in by Contract Manufacturing".Third, this article will also point out that, driven by market competition, Taiwanese computer OEMs have discovered and mastered the rise of downstream emerging markets and upstream process technologies, and then extended from the manufacturing blocks to both ends, gaining increasing success Proportion of industrial chain profits. Finally, this article believes that, for the Catching-up Country, the production capacity of the technology base is still an important development direction of the country, especially if the independent innovation of cutting-edge technology has not yet achieved results, it should pay more attention to the position of the industry chain in which it is located. Competitive advantage so as not to be replaced by more backward countries.