台灣農村發展政策在地實踐之研究：以宜蘭縣三星鄉行健村為例

我國1970、80年代因都市化及工商發展趨勢下，人口大量往都市集中，造成農村人口外移嚴重，高齡者相對較多，各項建設及公共設施不足，造成農村發展相對落後，且因過去政府較少投入農村人文營造等軟體建設，農村生活及文化特色逐漸喪失。鑒於農村長期缺乏計畫及系統性發展政策， 2010年8月4日公布施行訂定「農村再生條例」，明定訂設置1500億元農村再生基金，以有秩序、有計畫地推動農村活化再生，照顧全臺灣4,000餘個農漁村。本研究以宜蘭縣三星鄉行健村社區發展協會與行健有機合作社為對象，皆曾表示自己才是有機村的執行組織。惟農村發展需要透過在地實踐，方有成效可言。由於有機村係以從事有機耕作為主，透過集體行動，獲致友善環境與具公共財性質的地方資源，進而成為地方經濟來源。因此有機村的落實與否，將有助於農村再生政策方針之實踐。因此，本研究依在地組織呈現農村發展方式與進程不同，因此，分別以集體行動及新內生發展之理論分析框架，透過文獻分析法、深度訪談法及參與觀察，瞭解在地組織實踐農村發展之過程所面臨的機會與困境。研究結果顯示，在地組織透過培根課程完成農村再生計畫，於建構在地組織農村再生計畫過程須同時關注組織內部與外部之間，且計畫擬定過程，在地組織應具備新內生發展之資源、參與、認同、網絡等要素;在具備新內生發展要件下，從發展有機村，本研究認為，以農村發展策略實踐有機村的過程，有關有機農業相關規範，擴大耕作面積在、於人力、物力資源不足資源，實需國家政策推動下調整在地組織的質量，待在地組織的質量具備新內生發展的四項要，再進一步採取集體行動，方能落實農村發展之目標。最末，為落實網絡化與區域化之精神，在地組織在研擬農村再生計畫，須依據直轄市或縣(市)政府應依據農村再生總體計畫，有秩序地從部門計劃與空間計畫分別輔導轄區的農村社區，亦有利於集體行動的展開。。

關鍵字

農村發展；新內生發展；集體行動；農村再生；有機農業

並列摘要

In the 1970s and 80s, due to urbanization and industrial and commercial development trends, a large number of people concentrated in urban areas, resulting in a serious migration of the rural population, relatively large number of seniors, the construction and lack of public facilities, resulting in relatively backward rural development, and because the past government less investment in rural humanities and other software construction, rural life and cultural characteristics gradually lost. In view of the chronic lack of planning and systematic development policies in rural areas, the implementation of the "Rural Regeneration Ordinance" was announced on 4 August 2010 and a $150 billion rural regeneration fund was set up to promote rural activation and regeneration in an orderly and systematic manner, taking care of more than 4,000 rural and fishing villages throughout Taiwan. This research is based on the Xingjian Community Development Association and Xingjian Organic Cooperative in Sanxing Township, Yilan County, both of whom have stated that they are the executive organization of the organic village. However, rural development requires local practice to be effective. Since the organic village is mainly engaged in organic farming, through collective actions, it has obtained a friendly environment and local resources of the nature of public finances, which then become a source of local economy. The implementation of organic villages will help the implementation of rural regeneration policies. Therefore, this research presents the different ways and processes of rural development based on local organizations. It uses the theoretical analysis frameworks of collective action and new endogenous development to understand how local organizations practice rural development through literature analysis, in-depth interviews, and participation in observations. Opportunities and difficulties faced by the process. The results show that the rural regeneration plan is completed by the local organization through the empowerment course, the process of constructing the rural regeneration plan in the local organization should pay attention to both the internal and external aspects of the organization, and the planning process should have the resources, participation, identity and network of new endogenous development in the local organization. It is necessary to adjust the quality of local organizations under the impetus of national policies, to stay in the quality of local organizations with the four elements of new endogenous development, and then to take further collective action, in order to implement the goal of rural development. Finally, in order to implement the spirit of networking and regionalization, in the local organizations in the development of rural regeneration plans, it is necessary to follow the municipality or county government in accordance with the overall plan of rural regeneration, orderly from the sectoral plan and space plan to guide the rural communities in the jurisdiction, but also conducive to the development of collective action.