社會資本促成有機農業及地方永續發展之研究－以「宜蘭縣行健村」為例

現行慣行化學農業對環境造成極大傷害，推行有機農業乃現代化國家發展趨勢。本研究從地理學的視角探討有機農業透過農業合作社（以下簡稱合作社）流通運作社會資本，進而集中和積累，轉化成經濟資源，讓農業、環境、地方得以永續發展。本文首先進行文獻探討，然後以個案進行深入訪談疏理脈絡，從社會資本「信任」、「規範」、「網絡」三要素進行分析，瞭解社會資本之運作機制與發展困境。研究發現：信任乃是化約複雜性之社會機制關係，於認同理念下，由個人信任轉而成為系統信任，擴大集體參與行動；為了使合作社組織更具有競爭力，於責任、期盼下產生自律與他律，透過公約、耳語、爭執等形成組織規範；而生產與消費關係的直銷網絡是合作社組織成功的關鍵因素，與網絡的互動密切度越高，獲得實質或潛在的資源和利益越多，這些社會資本總合，促進彼此間相互利益的協調合作，對於農業、環境及地方永續發展產生極大效用。此點也可從社員與有機耕地規模持續增加及經濟的成長，而得到可行性驗證。而農村於推展有機農業時所面臨資本不足的困境，可藉由社會資本的優勢資源，以合作社之股東往來方式因應，讓社會資本與財務資本有效結合，突破困境。

關鍵字

社會資本；有機農業；地方永續

並列摘要

The current practice of chemical agriculture causes great harms to the environment, the promotion of organic agriculture is a development trend of modern countries. This study explores from a geography perspective on the organic agriculture, circulating social capital through agricultural cooperatives, and then concentrates, accumulates, and transforms into economic resources for sustainable development of agriculture, environment and local. Firstly, we will conduct a literature review and then conduct an in-depth interview and review of the three elements of social capital: "trust," "regulation," and "network," to understand the operating mechanism and development dilemma of social capital. Trust is the social mechanism of bringing about the complexity of the circumstance. Under the concept of identity, it turns from personal trust to system trust and expands collective participation. In order to make the cooperative organization more competitive and create self-discipline and heteronomy under the expectation and responsibility, it forms organizational norms through the conventions, whispers and disputes. The network of production and consumption relations is a key factor for the success of the cooperative organization. The higher of the network interaction, the more substantial or potential resources and benefits are obtained. The combination of these social capitals promotes the coordination and cooperation of mutual interests and has great effects on agriculture, the environment, and local sustainable development. It can also be verified from the positive correlation between the accumulation of social capital and the change of organic farmland space and economic revenue growth. Finally, the formation of bottom-up cooperative organizations through the accumulation of social capital is feasible for the development of organic agriculture. Moreover, when promoting organic agriculture, the difficulties from cooperatives in the face of capital shortage can be met by means of shareholder contacts through the superior resources of social capital. It combines social capital and financial capital effectively and breaks through the predicament.