中國對漠南非洲對外援助的修辭與現實

Rhetoric and Reality of China’s Foreign Aid toward Sub-Saharan Africa

楊一逵(Yang I - Kwei)

指導教授 ： 姜家雄

國立政治大學/國際事務學院/外交學系/博士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6814/NCCU201901212

摘要

近年來，中華人民共和國（以下簡稱「中國」）對漠南非洲(Sub-Saharan Africa)之對外援助已成各方批判焦點。某些學者與專家認為，中國為了奪取漠南非洲的自然資源，羅織債務陷阱 (debt traps)，並運作帶有新殖民主義(Neo-colonialism)色彩之外援，以其不透明的金融援助，阻礙目標國對「良善治理」（Good Governance）的追求，進而威脅國際社會利益。此外，西方政治領導人論及中國之外援時，修辭上常以「掠奪性貸款之行為」(predatory loan practices)、「不透明協議」(opaque agreements)與「戰略性地利用債務」(strategic use of debt)標籤化中國的行為。
本文首要釐清，究竟上述觀點與針對現狀之描述是否真實且客觀?為檢驗中國漠南非洲外援行為相關文獻之批判修辭是否與現實間存在差距，作者試圖透過1950年代至2010年代中國外援之規範性指南(normative guidance)，並爬梳中國外援制度與機構之變遷，進一步探析中國的對外援助是否即屬新殖民主義行為與債務陷阱。透過漠南非洲之區域案例進行研究，結合統計數據、資料彙整與過程演變之追蹤，區分批判中國外援觀點中的修辭與現實。研究發現，自1980年代以降，經濟利益便持續驅動著中國對外援助行為。隨著1994年援外優惠貸款政策之推行，中國的外援模式逐步轉型為援助、貿易及投資─三位一體的集成，成為中國企業在海外承攬援助項目之催化劑。鑒於中國與漠南非洲國家間存在著互補性，以及雙方合作過程中非方並未喪失國家自主權（country ownership），中國的外援係新殖民主義的說法並不符實。另外，中國以對外援助製造債務陷阱的觀點亦不符現實之判斷。

關鍵字

中國的對外援助 ； 修辭與現實 ； 新殖民主義 ； 債務陷阱

並列摘要

The People’s Republic of China’s (hereafter referred to as China) foreign aid has become a lightning rod for criticism in recent years. Scholars and commentators are claiming that China is threating the interests of international community by exploiting Sub-Saharan Africa’s natural resources, providing rogue aid, setting up debt traps, practicing neo-colonial agenda, and hindering the spread of good governance via China’s opaque finance of aid. Moreover, Western political leaders are keen to rhetorically tag labels of “predatory loan practices,” “opaque agreements,” and “strategic use of debt” on the patterns of Chinese aid behaviors.
However, does the above claims provide a fair and authentic interpretation of reality? In order to figure out whether there is a gap between the rhetoric and reality of the scholarships concerning China’s foreign aid behaviors, this dissertation suggests to deconstruct the Chinese aid by engaging the ideational structure of normative guidance and the material structure of institutional mechanism of Chinese aid from the 1950s to the 2010s and to further ascertain whether China’s foreign aid is a form of Neo-Colonialism and a debt-trap. By incorporating data, statistics and process tracing, the Sub-Saharan Africa would be highlighted as a regional case study to separate the rhetoric from the reality. The author finds that China’s foreign aid has been driven by economic incentives since the 1980s. With the launch of China’s concessional loan policy in 1994, China’s foreign aid has turned into a trinity of aid, trade and investment, acting as a catalyst for Chinese enterprises’ contracting aid projects abroad. Given the existence of Sino-Africa complementarities and African governments’ country ownership, the claims of China’s neo-colonial aid projects are not reality. Moreover, the alleged Chinese debt traps of aid have also been misdiagnosed.

並列關鍵字

China’s Foreign Aid ； Rhetoric and Realty ； Neo-Colonialism ； Debt Traps

參考文獻

Bibliography

English Language

Books

Abdelal, Rawi and Kirshner, Jonathan. “Strategy, Economic Relations and the Definition of National Interests.” In Power and the Purse: Economic Statecraft, Interdependence and National Security. Edited by Jean-Marc F. Blanchard, Edward D. Mansfield, Norrin M. Ripsman. London: Routledge, 2000.

Alden, Chris. China in Africa: Partner, Competitor or Hegemon? London: Zed Books, 2007.