建築師執業法律關係研究-兼論其與建築師公會之關係

公會，在東方源自於同一地緣、職業的互助組織，在西方源自於中世紀的工匠組織，在社會上形成一定的影響力，促進經濟繁榮，職業精進。建築師做為行業的領頭者，組成的公會，自然具有舉足輕重的地位。在演進過程中，公會逐漸成為國家機器的一部份，被賦予法律上的職能，所有的行為皆與法律有關，建築師公會卻鮮有研究與討論其職能。建築師公會既與政府行政組織相對應，自然有中央與地方之分，地方建築師公會為建築師實際執業的組織與社會緊密相扣，為相關法律規範對人或對事應用之所，全國公會為政策、研究、發展綜觀之所。在實際運作上，地方公會無橫向整合，反而形成執業的障礙，在垂直關係上，建築師權益維護、行業發展研究上，探討全國建築公會的功能。一方面以世界各國建築師公會或協會的組成與設立宗旨與本國建築師公會做一對照，另一方面以建築師的國際組織；國際建築師協會UIA、亞洲建築師協會ARCASIA、及亞太建築師計畫APEC Program對建築師的教育、實習、養成及執業標準做一比較。建築師在執行業務的過程中與委託人是夥伴關係，建築師作品能揚名立萬，委託人佔有重要地位，但大部分建築師卻不知道，這委託關係是可以隨時終止的。在審查及勘驗階段，主管建築機關主宰建築師的命脈，而這些審查及勘驗依據的法令規定卻從未探討是否合理。建築師與專業技師的整合攸關建築物的成敗，在專業分工下，建築師是否須承擔連帶責任。建築物在營建過程中，好的營造廠讓建築師高枕無憂，品質差的營造廠讓建築師提心吊膽。專任工程人員如能落實施工責任，建築物的品質管制成效應能立即提升。建築師公會與主管建築機關關係密切，常受機關委託代為執行公權力，彼此有行政委託關係，輪派建築師執行時有公務員責任，與人民產生糾紛時有承擔訴訟能力。建築師公會與主管建築機關的管轄關係是配合政策推動還是下級執行機關，在氯離子、輻射鋼筋檢測及無違章建築簽證上，建築師公會面對主管機關的要求只能全盤接受。建築師公會或建築師受法院委託鑑定及估價承擔建築專業團體的社會責任。建築師與建築師公會有相互依存關係，建築師為建築師公會創造收益，建築師公會為建築師提供良好的執業環境，單一會籍、全國執業。建築師在執業上仍有諸多困難有待建築師公會協助克服，如業務酬金、工程造價、跨區執業、稅務、紀律、懲戒。建築師公會善盡社會責任，面對建築師執業的困境及天災、人禍時，如何改善執業環境。原以為建築師公會運作單純，深究後，複雜的法律關係存在於不同的參與角色間，如何釐清彼此的法律關係，維護建築師權益為本文最大目的。

關鍵字

建築師公會；建築師；法律責任；代收轉付；建造執照；簽證；建築物工程造價

並列摘要

In eastern world is traced from the regional and professional mutual society, but in the west it came from medieval metalsmith group, they formed a certain impact to promote economic prosperity, professional progress to form architects as industrial leaders, generally from a Guild and act a leading position, through so many years evolution, Guild became an national important role and given a leading authorization, all behaves were regulated by law, but the real function of Architects Association are rarely discussed and regulated in Taiwan. The Architects Association are cooperated with the government organization, certainly that should conform the central government and local organization, so local association have very close relationship with individual architects for practice, the National Association is response the relative policies, research and development. However local associations have rarely horizontal connection and integration each other, in fact, more or less block other district architect practice in their area. On the one hand, the composition and establishment purpose of the architects' associations or associations in the world are compared with the national architects' associations, and on the other hand, the international organizations of architects; UIA, the Asian Architects Association ARCASIA, and the Asia Pacific Architects Project APEC Program to compare the education, practice, development and practice standards of architects. In the process of carrying out business, architects are in partnership with the client. The architect's works can become famous, and the client occupies an important position. However, most architects do not know that this relationship can be terminated at any time. In the review and inspection stage, the competent construction authority dominates the lifeline of the architect, and the architect can only submit to the contrary. Are the legal provisions based on these reviews and inspections reasonable? The integration of architects and professional technicians is critical to the success or failure of buildings. Under the division of labor, should architects be jointly and severally responsible? In the process of building construction, a good construction plant gives architects peace of mind, while a construction plant with poor quality makes architects nervous? If the full-time engineering personnel can fulfill their construction responsibilities, will the quality control effect of the building be improved immediately? The architects association has a close relationship with the competent construction authority, and is often entrusted by the authority to execute public power on behalf of each other. Whether the jurisdictional relationship between the architects' association and the competent construction agency is to cooperate with the policy promotion or the lower-level executive agency, can the architects' association only fully accept the requirements of the competent agency in terms of chloride ion, radiation steel bar testing, and non-violation construction visa? The architects' association or architects are entrusted by the court to identify and appraise the social responsibility of the architectural professional group. Architects and architects associations are interdependent, architects create benefits for architects associations, and architects associations provide architects with a good practice environment, single membership, national practice. Architects still have many difficulties in practice to be overcome by the Architects Association, such as business remuneration, project cost, cross-regional practice, taxation, discipline, and punishment. The Architects Association fulfills its social responsibilities, and how to improve the practice environment in the face of the dilemma of architects' practice, natural disasters and man-made disasters? It was originally thought that the operation of the architects' association was simple, but after further investigation, complex legal relations exist among different participating roles. How to clarify the legal relationship between each other and safeguard the rights and interests of architects is the biggest purpose of this article.