韓籍學習者《當代中文課程》分類詞使用分析與教學建議： 以學習者語料庫為中心

分類詞(classifier)是華語量詞的次分類，於數量詞組中具有指稱個體的功能。韓語雖然也具有「分類詞」的語法體系，其意義與搭配詞卻與華語存在部分差異，導致韓籍學習者無法精準掌握華語分類詞的用法。本研究以《當代中文課程》第一冊至第六冊(2015-2018)收錄的量詞(M)生詞為基礎，區分出分類詞作為研究對象。並利用「中央研究院漢語平衡語料庫(Sinica Corpus)」分析搭配詞，歸納各分類詞的代表語意特徵。其次藉由「現代韓語用例檢索器(SJ-RIKS Corpus)」，對比分析對應華語的韓語分類詞的搭配詞，將華韓分類詞的對應關係統整為四類： (1)華廣韓狹 (2)華狹韓廣 (3)異形同義 (4)華語獨有。接續從「TOCFL學習者語料庫(TOCFL Learner Corpus)」與「HSK動態作文語料庫(HSK Dynamic Composition Corpus)」蒐集韓籍學習者的分類詞語料，分析其使用現象與偏誤。結果發現「華廣韓狹」類分類詞普遍使用率較低，且偏誤較多；「異形同義」類分類詞的搭配詞使用率高，正確率也較高；「華狹韓廣」類分類詞受到「個」影響，使用率偏低；而「華語獨有」由於只有「家」的語料結果，因此較難判斷出整體使用率與偏誤。最後，本研究針對分析結果和《當代中文課程》的教材內容，提出三方面的教學建議： (1)量詞─分類詞的區分 (2)數量詞組結構 (3)各冊分類詞的建議搭配詞。本研究期望教師能透過上述建議，提升韓籍學習者的分類詞應用能力。

關鍵字

分類詞；數量詞組；華韓對比語言學；語料庫；教學語法

並列摘要

Classifier is the sub-category of Chinese measure word. It has the function of referring to individuals in quantitative phrases. Although Korean also has the grammatical system of "classifiers", its meaning and collocation words are partly different from those of Chinese, which makes Korean learners unable to accurately grasp the usage of Chinese classifiers. This study was based on the new measure words included in volume 1-6 of the textbooks “A Course in Contemporary Chinese(2015-2018)”, and distinguished classifiers as the research object, and summarized the representative semantic features of each classifier by “Sinica Corpus”. Secondly, “SJ-RIKS Corpus” was used to compare and analyze the collocation words of Korean classifiers corresponding to Chinese. The corresponding system of Chinese-Korean classifiers can be divided into four categories: (1) Broader meaning in Chinese, (2) Broader meaning in Korean, (3) Synonymous in different form, (4) Unique in Chinese. This study analyzed the results in accordance to the "TOCFL Learner Corpus" and "HSK Dynamic Composition Corpus", taking into account typical usage and student errors. It was found that classifiers from category 1 were used more infrequently by students and with more mistakes; category 3 was used quite often and mostly correctly; the category 2 was reduced to the use of the Chinese classifier 個(ge), the compatibility of category 4 was represented only by classifier 家(jiā) in the sources. Therefore, it was difficult to identify the the general frequency of use and errors for category 4. Practical significance of the research: the results can be applied to the educational process on the base of "A Course in Contemporary Chinese". When studying the classifiers, this study proposed to proceed from the following: (1) The classifier differs from the “usual” measure words, (2) Stable formulas for combining a noun and a classifier should be used, (3) It is necessary to pay special attention to which nouns the certain classifiers can correspond in different languages. This study hopes that the research and the results can be used by teachers to improve the skills of Korean students in learning topics related to classifiers.