基於語料庫與框架語義探討近義動詞的辨析 ——以「領」和「取」為例

A Corpus- and Frame-based Study of the Near-synonymous Verbs Ling3 and Qu3 in Mandarin Chinese

吳璐(WU LU)

指導教授 ： 鍾曉芳

國立政治大學/外國語文學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6814/NCCU202001050

摘要

「領」和「取」為生活中常用的「取得」義（亦稱「獲取」義）動詞，關於二者的近義研究，本文從三個面向進行考察：1. 根據框架語義理論標記語料庫，提取「主事者（Agent）」、「客體（Theme）」、「來源（Source）」三個語義角色，而後探究各語義角色的內部屬性差異；2. 從句式角度，考察動詞「領」和「取」的特殊句式及與語義角色的互動關係；3. 以「動詞語意表達模式」（MARVS）理論為依據，描述取得事件「領」和「取」的完整事件訊息。以期從上述三個面向，全面考察「領」和「取」的語義差異。
本文以框架語義理論對「領」和「取」的語料進行標註，而後統計分析「主事者（Agent）」、「客體（Theme）」、「來源（Source）」三個語義角色的內部屬性差異。結果發現從三個語義角色的表現來看，「領」和「取」皆有【人類】、【政府】和【機構】三類主事者；「領」和「取」都有【金錢】、【物品】客體，「領」更傾向於【金錢】客體，「取」更常與【物品】客體搭配。「取」有【地點】、【抽象】來源，「領」則無；「領」有【政府】來源，「取」則無。從「主事者」和「來源」的【權威性】來看，「領」的來源表現出較高的【權威性】。
從句型結構來看，「領」不同於「取」的句式有：表主事者、客體之間領屬關係的有字句；「取」不同於「領」的句式有：1.【地點】來源作主語的存現句；2. 話題句中「來源」作補語的「Theme取（之、自）Source」句式。
最後，本文以動詞語意表達模式（MARVS）理論驗證本文對「領」和「取」的辨析，發現「領」和「取」同屬「簡單事件（simple event）」的動詞，其表達的事件皆可持續一段時間，為可指涉時間端點的過程事件。其事件內部屬性為【+控制】，即主事者有意識動作。本文在此基礎上，提出【方向】的屬性來區分二者的語意，「領」為【+上向】，即來源的權威性在主事者之上；「取」為【-上向】，其來源的權威性不在主事者之上。並以「主事者」和「客體」的【+限定】關係作為輔助，「領」為【+限定】，主事者和客體關係為一對一，不可更改；「取」為【-限定】，主事者可隨意取得客體。
前人研究以語義基元描述「領」和「取」的語義並不完整，在句式上僅論及少量句式及客體屬性。本研究在語義角色及屬性上進行更細緻地描述，句式不僅包含基本句還涉及「領」和「取」獨有的特殊句式，並以「動詞語意表達模式」（MARVS）對「領」和「取」事件進行全面描寫，以期對近義詞辨析、詞典編纂和漢語教學提供參考。

關鍵字

近義動詞 ； 「領」和「取」 ； 框架語義 ； 語義角色 ； 句式 ； MARVS

並列摘要

The verbs ling3 and qu3 are two commonly used ‘take’ verbs. In this thesis, we look for their differences from three aspects: First, we labeled three semantic roles according to Frame semantics, namely ‘Agent’, ‘Theme’, ‘Source’, and explored the difference of their internal properties; Second, from the perspective of sentence patterns, the special sentence patterns of the two verbs and their relations with semantic roles were investigated; Third, based on the Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics (MARVS) theory, we described the complete event information of ling3 and qu3. The results are as follows.
Both ling3 and qu3 have three kinds of Agents, which are [Human], [Organization] and [Government]. Ling3 and qu3 have the [Money] and [Object] Theme, but ling3 tends to have more the [Money] Theme; qu3 occurs more often with the [Object] Theme. The verb ling3 has the [Government] Source, but qu3 does not; qu3 has the [Place] and [Abstract] Source, but ling3 does not. From the perspective of the [Authority] between Agent and Source, the Source of ling3 has higher authority than that of qu3.
As for sentence structure, the sentence patterns of ling3 are different from qu3 in the following ways: The sentence of you3 to indicate the ownership between Agent and Theme. The following sentence patterns are only used with qu3：1. In the existential sentences where the [Place] Source is the subject; 2. In the topic sentences, in which ‘Source’ is the complement.
Finally, this paper used the Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics (MARVS) theory to verify the distinctions of ling3 and qu3, and found that they are both verbs of ‘simple event’, and the events expressed by both can last for a period of time and are process events that can refer to the end point of time. The internal attribute of the event is [+ control], that is, it shows the conscious action of the Agent when taking something. On this basis, this paper added the attribute of [+direction] to distinguish ling3 and qu3, ling3 is [+ upward direction], that is, the authority of Source is higher; qu3 is [- upward direction], in which the authority of the Source is lower. In addition, the [+limited] relationship between Agent and Theme is used as a supplement. Ling3 is [+limited] and the relationship between Agent and Theme is one-to-one and cannot be changed; qu3 is [-limited], the Agent can obtain the Theme at will.
Previous studies have described the semantic meaning of ling3 and qu3 uncompletely from the semantic primitives. In the sentence patterns, only several sentence patterns and the Theme attribute were discussed. This study on the semantic role and properties has a more detailed description. It contains not only the basic sentences involving ling3 and qu3 but also the unique special sentence patterns. Under the Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics (MARVS) theory, ling3 and qu3 had a comprehensive description as events. This thesis will contribute to near synonym analysis, lexicography and Chinese language teaching.

並列關鍵字

Synonym verbs ； Ling3 and Qu3 ； Frame semantics ； Semantic role ； Sentence pattern ； MARVS

參考文獻

英文文獻（依姓氏字母順序排序）

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