從SARS到COVID-19—重大傳染病防治與基本權干預

2003年嚴重急性呼吸道症候群（SARS）疫情落幕後，主管機關汲取防疫經驗，推動傳染病防治法之修正。2020年爆發嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎（COVID-19）疫情，臺灣在傳統防疫手段以外，亦採行多項新興科技防疫措施。本篇論文之目的為探討主管機關採行傳統或新興防疫措施時，可能對個人基本權造成之干預、防疫措施是否合憲，以及如有違憲之虞，法制面應如何修正，以完備法制規範與落實個人基本權之保障。本篇論文以疫情調查、隔離與檢疫，以及邊境管制等三項防治措施為研究對象，研析其措施目的、法源依據、執行方式、涉及之基本權及措施之合憲性。檢視防治手段是否符合法律保留、正當法律程序及比例原則。經分析後，本篇論文之結論為：在疫情調查方面，現行法規對於調查之事項內容、方法，以及疫調資訊之保存、利用及刪除等，規範密度不足；透過行動電話基地臺蒐集位置資訊，以及個人旅遊史、接觸史及職業別之註記等科技防疫手段之法律依據亦不夠明確。隔離與檢疫方面，其措施定義、實施方式及程序等事項之規定應更加明確；隔離檢疫期間之關懷追蹤與個人活動範圍電子監督（即「電子圍籬」）之法律明確性恐有不足。入出境管制之對象應限於來自感染區之非本國籍人民，或有傳染力之病患，以符合比例原則。論文最後建議建立層級化傳染病防治法制：依據疫情風險等級分別適用傳染病防治法一般規定、特別規定，或制定特別法。並且完備與明確化傳染病防治法規中有關疫情調查與隔離檢疫之規範。對於概括授權主管機關採取防疫措施之特別法條款，應依疫情狀況而為合理之修正。

關鍵字

嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎；傳染病防治法；嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎防治及紓困振興特別條例；疫情調查；隔離；檢疫；入出境管制

並列摘要

To fight against the COVID-19, Taiwan implemented newly technology-based control measures. The objectives of this thesis were to identify fundamental right infringements due to such measures, to scrutinize their constitutionality, and to provide recommendations for revising laws and regulations. Focusing on outbreak investigation, isolation and quarantine, and border control, the thesis described their purposes, legal bases, implementation, relevant fundamental rights and constitutionality, by scrutinizing the principle of legal reservation, due process, and proportionality, respectively. The regulated intensity of laws and regulations related to outbreak investigation was insufficient regarding the contents and methods of investigation, as well as the protection of collected data. The legal bases of mobile geolocation and use of personal data were not clear enough. The legal clarity of isolation, quarantine, and the location monitoring systems (electronic fence) should be improved. The targets of border control should be limited to non-nationals from affected areas or infectious patients. An epidemic risk-based hierarchical legal system of communicable disease control should be established. The articles of outbreak investigation, isolation and quarantine should be amended to improve their clarity. The articles of special laws that generally authorize administrative authorities to implement infection control measures should be revised in accordance with updated epidemic situations.