意識功能之探討: 持續閃現抑制下之字義處理限度

Exploring the function of consciousness: the extent of semantic processing under continuous flash suppression

張惟楨(Chang Wei-Chen)

指導教授 ： 黃淑麗 ； 葉素玲

國立政治大學/理學院/心理學系/碩士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6814/NCCU201900332

摘要

一直以來，意識的功能究竟為何仍極具爭議，本研究檢驗無意識下字義是否能被處理及其限度來探討此議題。本實驗比較意識(實驗一)及無意識(實驗二至四)下的促發效果，並操弄促發項與目標項的連結類型。實驗的促發項將以雙眼同時呈現(實驗一)或在雙眼分視下以持續閃現派典來遮蔽(實驗二至四)，並操弄促發項和目標項之間的語義一致性。促發項均為帶有冷或熱意義的中文雙字詞，參與者需判斷目標項屬於冷或熱，同時記錄其反應時間。實驗一發現當促發項為閾上知覺時，目標項與其語義一致時(相較於語義不一致時)會有正向促發效果(反應時間縮短)，顯示三種連結類型(直接、跨型式、間接概念連結)的訊息均可以被處理。實驗二的促發項和目標項均為與溫度相關之文字，但促發項僅呈現在一眼，同時將一高對比、快速變換的彩色色塊(持續閃現派典)呈現於另一眼，使得促發項被抑制而無法被參與者知覺。結果發現當促發項與目標項語義一致時，其反應時間較語義不一致時更慢，顯示無意識下有負向促發的效果。當目標項換成具冷或熱意義的圖片(實驗三)或具有溫度關聯的性格詞(實驗四)時，其反應時間不受語義一致性的影響。本研究首度顯示出持續閃現抑制下無意識字義處理之限度：持續閃現抑制下的字義可被處理；當促發項與目標項屬於同屬性刺激時，具促發效果，但當兩者分屬不同類型的刺激(例如：文字與圖片)或較間接的抽象概念連結，則無促發效果。

關鍵字

語義促發 ； 持續閃現抑制 ； 意識 ； 閾下知覺 ； 雙眼競爭 ； 雙眼抑制 ； 溫度 ； 性格

並列摘要

The function of consciousness remains under debate. We excavated this issue via examining whether and to what extent that the unconscious semantic information can be processed. By manipulating the semantic congruency between the prime and a subsequent target, we observed and compared conscious (Experiment 1) and unconscious (Experiment 2-4) semantic priming effect among different types of semantic association. The prime was either binocular presented (i.e., visible) or suppressed by colorful Mondrians using continuous flash suppression (CFS) paradigm. The prime was a Chinese word which carries the meaning of either coldness or warmth, and participants had to discriminate whether the target was warm or cold with their reaction times (RTs) recorded. We first verified that there was a positive priming effect for semantic congruency in all types of association (i.e., direct, cross-form and indirect conceptual association) when primes were perceptually visible in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, both the primes and targets were words semantically related to temperature directly, whereas the primes were perceptually invisible via being presented simultaneously with a high-contrast dynamic mask (i.e., CFS) to one of each eye. The results showed slower mean RTs in the congruent than the incongruent condition, suggesting a negative priming effect under CFS. The target was then replaced with illustrations of cold and warm scenes (Experiment 3) or conceptually related words describing personalities (Experiment 4), which represented more distant semantic association. The results showed no difference in RTs between the incongruent and congruent conditions. These results delineated the boundary conditions of semantic processing under CFS. Word meanings can be accessed and spread to highly-associated meanings, but not when the prime and target are different forms (e.g., word vs. illustration) or indirectly associated concepts.

並列關鍵字

Semantic priming ； continuous flash suppression ； consciousness ； subliminal ； binocular rivalry ； interocular suppression ； thermal ； personality

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