半導體晶圓代工廠商與封測廠商競合關係之探討─以台積電與日月光為例

Exploring the Co-opetition between Semiconductor Foundry and OSAT: A Case Study of TSMC and ASE

李雯琪(LEE WEN-CHI)

指導教授 ： 吳豐祥

國立政治大學/商學院/科技管理與智慧財產研究所/碩士(2022年)

https://doi.org/10.6814/NCCU202200084

摘要

半導體產業為因應終端產品的發展趨勢不斷提升技術能力，隨著摩爾定律逐漸趨緩，晶圓製程持續微縮的困難度日漸升高，因此產業界轉往發展向上堆疊與異質整合等先進封裝技術以延續摩爾定律，先進封裝技術因此被提升到與晶圓製程微縮技術同等重要的位置，更被視為半導體產業未來發展的關鍵，許多半導體業者包括晶圓代工廠、IDM整合元件廠等皆競相加入發展先進封裝，但是隨著晶圓代工廠跨入下游發展先進封裝，雙方一別以往傳統的上下游合作關係，進而演變為了新的競合關係。
然而在過往半導體產業的相關競合研究中，大多專注在競爭對手之間的競合關係，而今日半導體晶圓代工廠商與封測廠商所形成的競合關係卻是由合作關係下衍生出之競合。此外，過往競合文獻的研究亦大多著重在對於競合關係中參與企業間互動上的探究，而對於單一企業於目標與策略上的轉變及隨之採取的具體作為，可能會如何影響競合關係的形成甚至在日後關係中的競爭力，並沒有太多深入的研究，故為了彌補上述研究缺口，本研究以競合理論的角度出發，選擇晶圓代工與封測龍頭作為深入研究之個案對象，並透過質性研究的深度訪談和次級資料分析的方式，來探討雙方的競合關係成因、發展歷程以及產生的影響，本研究最後所得到的主要結論如下：
一、半導體晶圓代工廠商與封測廠商會為了實現共同的企業目標而進入合作關係，惟企業目標會隨時間而有動態變化，導致企業產生競爭行為而進入競合關係，其中雙方的合作關係發生在產業鏈上的分工，競爭關係則發生在下游的新技術市場中。
二、半導體晶圓代工廠商與封測廠商的合作過程中，晶圓代工廠會因受到來自技術瓶頸、客戶需求以及品質控管的競爭壓力而產生競爭行為，並且會藉由提前掌握關鍵技術來增加其跨入競爭關係後的競爭力。惟雙方的技術資源特性會分別影響其各自在競合關係中的優勢。
三、半導體晶圓代工廠商與封測廠商的競合關係會造成產業分工界線的模糊，惟對於新技術發展與企業營收方面，也會形成正面的影響。
本論文最後也進一步闡述本研究的學術貢獻，並提出對實務上與後續研究上的建議。

關鍵字

半導體產業 ； 競合關係 ； 垂直整合 ； 互動 ； 晶圓代工產業 ； 封測產業

並列摘要

As the semiconductor industry continues to improve its technical capabilities in response to the development trend of end products, with the gradual slowing of Moore's Law, the difficulty of continuous shrinking of the wafer process is increasing. To continue Moore's Law, advanced packaging technology has been promoted to an equally important position as wafer process technology, and is regarded as the key to the future development of the semiconductor industry. Many semiconductor companies, including foundries, IDM companies, etc. are competing to join the advanced packaging field. However, as the foundry has stepped into the downstream to develop advanced packaging technology, the relationship of foundry and OSAT has changed from the traditional upstream and downstream cooperative relationship, and has evolved into a new coopetitive relationship.
However, in the past research on coopetition in the semiconductor industry, most of them focused on the coopetition between competitors. But nowadays, the coopetition between foundries and OSATs is derived from the cooperation relationship. In addition, most of the previous studies on coopetition have focused on the exploration of the interaction between participating companies in the coopetitive relationship, and there is not much in-depth research on how the changes in the goals and strategies of a single company and the specific actions it takes may affect the formation of the coopetitve relationship. Therefore, in order to make up for the above research gap, this study starts from the perspective of coopetition theory, and selects the semiconductor foundry and OSAT as the case objects for in-depth research. Through qualitative in-depth interviews and secondary data analysis, to explore the causes, development process, and impact of the coopetition between the two parties. The main conclusions of this study are as follows:
1. Semiconductor foundry and OSAT will enter into cooperative relationships to achieve common corporate goals, but corporate goals will change dynamically over time, leading to competitive behavior and entering a co-opetitive relationship. In the coopetition between the two parties, the cooperation occurs in the division of labor on the industrial chain, and the competition occurs in the downstream new technology market.
2. During the cooperation of semiconductor foundry and OSAT, the foundry will have competitive behaviors due to the competitive pressure from technical bottlenecks, customer needs, and quality control, and will master key technologies in advance to increase its competitiveness after entering into a competitive relationship. However, the characteristics of the technical resources of both parties will affect their respective advantages in the coopetition.
3. The coopetition between the semiconductor foundry and the OSAT will result in the vague of industry diversification boundary, but will have a positive impact on new technology development and corporate revenue.
At the end of this thesis, the academic contribution, practical implications, and follow-up research suggestions of this research are further elaborated.

並列關鍵字

Semiconductor industry ； Coopetition ； Vertical integration ； Interaction ； Semiconductor foundry ； OSAT company

參考文獻

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