都會區公路非點源污染調查及BMPs削減效益評估

Nonpoint Source Pollution Survey and BMPs Benefit Assessment for Urban Highways

王韻瑾(Yunn-Jiin WANG)

指導教授 ： 林鎮洋

國立臺北科技大學/工程學院/工程科技研究所/博士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6841/NTUT.2014.00043

摘要

為了解台灣都會區公路非點源污染濃度與成分性質，本研究於北部都會區省道公路參考相關環境背景、交通量、道路屬性、速限、車輛種類等考量因素，並規劃分為水質採樣及乾沉降蒐集樣本，透過樣本採集及檢測試驗分析，了解非點源污染濃度如SS、TP、重金屬......等及乾沉降物質之顆粒尺寸、重金屬含量等量化結果。從本研究區域之事件平均濃度，進而利用簡易法推估都會區公路單位污染負荷量與污染總量。而乾沉降物質進行粒徑分析，以了解沉澱物質的顆粒尺寸及分布情形，並進行ICP分析重金屬含量成分，以了解都會區公路乾沉降物質之重金屬含量性質。
　　研究結果顯示：SS濃度變化與強度及流量變化有關，當流量速度增加，污染物質就迅速被沖出，F場址台64線高架快速公路較一般E場址公路橋梁的3倍。而NH3-N濃度會隨著降雨增強而降低，以E場址 台3線華江橋之3.24mg/L為F場址之3倍高；TP濃度亦以E場址最高，約為D場址之3倍高。在重金屬濃度方面，則大都以F場址為最高，如Cu、Zn、Hg、As、Ni等，顯示重金屬污染貢獻嚴重，若排放累積於流經土壤或進入水體，皆會影響人類身體健康及環境生態系，也顯示暴雨初期逕流水實有必要再處理。
本研究場址多屬高架橋式，就EMCs濃度分析來說，SS濃度相對其它文獻之高架橋濃度來得高，約為1.15~6.21倍，也顯示高架橋型態之SS濃度較其它公路型態的SS濃度來得高，即公路的交通量愈高，其懸浮固體(SS)負荷濃度相對來得高；與相關國內外文獻結果一致。在乾沉降採樣結果分析，每天單位面積內總固體物質負荷量為為2.01~5.14g/m2，以C場址高架橋快速道路所產生的乾沉降微粒物質總負荷量為最高，較一般橋梁場址來得高，且依其粒徑分析結果顯示粗顆粒物質遠高於細顆粒物質，其大氣懸浮粒子PM10(10μm以下為小顆粒)約佔1.46﹪~1.25﹪，以表示小粒徑顆粒漂浮存在大氣沉降中。而重金屬部分經分析結果，顯示包含Pb、Cu、Fe、Na、Ni等，Fe含量更高達47,200ppm，Na含量達3,506.67ppm，顯示屬高架快速公路之C場址，其Fe、Zn、 Pb、Ni 重金屬含量皆高於A、B 場址。Ni 重金屬含量也僅有C場址被檢驗出，顯示高架橋快速公路之重金屬含量高。
由本研究C與F場址之乾沉降蒐集與水質EMCs濃度結果顯示，C與F同屬一個場址，係為進行乾沉降及水質採樣兩種方式，其重金屬濃度分析結果，C場址之乾沉降總固體物重金屬分析Pb、Zn、Fe、Ni等含量均為最高。F場址之水質EMCs濃度分析結果顯示，其Pb、Zn、Ni等亦比其它場址高，兩者試驗結果一致；也顯示不管是乾沉降蒐集或水質採樣EMCs濃度分析，二者應有關聯性且交通量愈大其重金屬含量也最高。
故公路開發前之規劃設計中，即應大幅考量除採行符合生態環保的工程，更應考量公路逕流水污染物的截流、滯留、淨化等有效的管制措施，以確保地表逕流水經過相關入滲設施、雨花園（Rain Garden）、濕地…等控制措施，來削減暴雨初期逕流水的非點源污染物，再排放入集水區或河溪中，以確保人類賴以維生的水資源環境品質。

關鍵字

公路逕流 ； 非點源污染 ； 暴雨採樣 ； 暴雨初期沖刷 ； 單位污染負荷

並列摘要

In order to find out non-point source pollution concentration and composition in Taiwan urban road . The study refer to the relevant environmental background, traffic volume, road attributes, speed limit, vehicle type and other considerations, at north urban road of Taiwan. And planning into water sampling and dry deposition collected, through sample collection and testing analysis to understand the concentration of non-point source pollution, such as SS, TP and heavy metals,... etc. and do sediment particle size analysis, heavy metal content of dry
deposition to get quantitative results.
By the mean concentration of event, thus use simple method estimating nonpoint pollution unit areal loading and total pollution amount of urban road. We can describe precipitation particle size, distribution and heavy metals content of dry deposition sediment in urban roads. through particle size analysis of dry
deposition sediment and heavy metal content by ICP analysis component .
The results showed: SS concentration is relative to rain intensity and flowrate, while increasing the flowrate, contaminants are flushed out quickly, F site 64-lane Elevated express roads than the E sites, urban roads and bridges, SS concentration of F is three times than E’s. The NH3-N concentrations decreased with rainfall enhancement. site E ,Tai -Line 3, Hua-jiang bridge. The NH3-N 3.24mg / L is three times higher to the F site.TP E sites were also the highest concentration, about three times higher in the D site. In terms of heavy metal concentrations, the site is mostly in F is the highest, such as Cu, Zn, Hg, As, Ni, etc., showing serious contribution to heavy metal pollution, If emissions accumulate in the soil or into the water. It can affect both human health and environmental ecosystem, also
shows the initial storm runoff water is really necessary reprocessing.
The study sites are mostly viaduct on EMCs concentration analysis is, SS concentration relative to other literature viaduct concentration is higher, about 1.15 to 6.21 times, also shows that the concentration of the viaduct type SS concentration than that other types of highway is higher, the higher the heavy traffic, and suspended solids(SS)with a load concentration for more high ; consistent with the results of the relevant literature. The heavy traffic higher, the
suspended solids(SS) concentrations higher.
The results of the analysis of heavy metals showed containing Pb, Cu, Fe, Na, Ni, etc., Fe content as high as 47,200 ppm, Na content of 3,507 ppm, display viaduct expressway C site , whose Fe, Zn, Pb, Ni content of heavy metals were higher than A,B sites. Ni heavy metal content also checked out only in C site,
showing high heavy metal content in viaduct expressway.
The deposition and EMCs concentration in C and F site ,in this study
,showed C and F belong to the same site, for the purpose of dry deposition and water quality sampling in two ways, the results of its analysis, heavy metal concentration of deposition in C site, Pb, Zn, Fe, Ni are the highest. EMCs water concentration analysis in F site showed that Pb, Zn, Ni, are also higher than other sites, both of which test results are consistent. Also shows whether it is dry deposition or water quality sampling EMCs concentration analysis, both of which should have relevance and the greater the amount of traffic their heavy metal
content is highest.
Therefore, prior to the development of planning and design, that is considered to be a significant, addition to the adoption of eco-environmental engineering methods, and more Should consider runoff pollutants closure, retention, purification and other effective control measures to ensure that runoff water infiltration through the relevant facilities, rain gardens (Rain Garden), wetlands and other control measures to reduce pollution runoff water thing, and then discharged into rivers in the catchment area or to ensure mankind's living
environment quality of water resources.

並列關鍵字

Road Runoff ； Nonpoint Source Pollution ； Storm Sampling ； Storm First Flush ； Unit Areal Loading

參考文獻

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