從希臘神話的女性原型來看愛德華．霍伯繪畫中之現代女性特質

本論文旨在探討愛德華˙霍伯刻畫之現代女性改寫希臘神話中的女性原型。為進一步討論女性原型於現代美國場景中之重塑，我收集了十五首受到畫作啟發的英詩並將之翻譯為中文。除此之外，根據女性於社會中所被期待扮演的不同角色，將十五首詩區分為三類並與六位希臘神話女性所指之形象進行比較。因此，針對愛德華˙霍伯的畫作以及當代詩人對其刻畫女性特質之詮釋，本文將有更進一步之分析。根據卡爾，古斯塔夫˙榮格的理念，原型一詞意指「集合潛意識」(3)，而愛德華˙霍伯投射在妻子以及唯一女模—喬瑟芬—身上的複雜性格之所以形似當代詩人回應中所塑造出之女性形象以及六位神話中的女性角色皆可視為最佳例子。其中，包括潘妮洛普—以驚人耐力等待丈夫歸來、安朵茉姬—雖缺乏實權阻止戰爭卻比任何人都了解人類限度、賽倫女妖—擁有無人能敵的致命歌聲、女巫瑟希—以魔法將英勇水手變成畜牲、柯莉普騷—以窒息之愛牽絆住男人、米迪亞—不惜犧牲自己的孩子以報復男人的背叛。有感於美國社會快速變遷而引發的不確定性和焦慮感，霍伯多以寂寞和疏離作為主要創作題材。在強調現代人的冷漠關係時，霍伯以紅色來展現男性對於女性的慾望以及對於女性自我意識覺醒的恐懼。而這點正可由畫家與妻子間相互尊重卻又彼此競爭的婚姻關係看出端倪。因此，從霍伯描繪喬瑟芬的特殊手法，本論文顯示霍伯的繪畫記載著美國兩性關係中的劇烈變動。

關鍵字

愛德華．霍伯；美國寫實主義；女性原型；希臘神話；女性特質；性別認同；女性社會地位；異托邦

並列摘要

This paper seeks to explore Edward Hopper’s depiction of modern women can be viewed as a remolding of the archetypal women in Greek mythology. To further discuss the recasting of female archetypes in modern American settings, I have collected fifteen poems which were inspired by Edward Hopper’s paintings. Also, I have translated these poems into Chinese, which has helped me in acquiring a deeper understanding of the texts. To make a comparison with six mythical females, the fifteen poems are divided into three categories in terms of the roles women have long been expected to play in our society. This paper thus conducts an analysis of both Edward Hopper’s paintings and the responses of contemporary poets to his portrayal of women. According to Carl Gustav Jung’s idea, the term “archetype” serves as a “collective unconsciousness” (3); a prime example of this is the complex characteristics Edward Hopper projected on his wife and only female model, Josephine Hopper (1883-1968), which bear resemblance to the images of modern women shaped by contemporary poets and the reflections of six women in Greek mythology: Penelope, with her astounding endurance to wait for her husband; Andromache, who lacks the authority to stop the outbreak of war yet knows better than anyone the reality of human limitations; the Sirens, with euphonious but deadly voices; the beautiful witch Circe, with her magic power to transform valiant sailors into dirty swine; the nymph Calypso, smothering a man with deceitful love; and the ferocious witch Medea, sacrificing her children in revenge for a man’s betrayal. Influenced by a strong sense of uncertainty and anxiety toward the rapidly changing society in America, Hopper’s paintings were generally based on the themes of loneliness and alienation. While stressing the indifferent relationships among modern people, Hopper used the color red to depict men’s desire and an inexplicable fear toward women’s rising self-awareness. This is perhaps best exemplified by Hopper and Josephine’s marital relationship, which was built upon reciprocal respect and mutual competitiveness. Thus, from Hopper’s special ways of depicting Josephine, this paper shows that Hopper’s art chronicled the dynamic changes in American gender relations.

並列關鍵字

Edward Hopper ； American realism ； female archetype ； Greek mythology ； femininity ； gender identity ； Heterotopias

參考文獻

Beckett, Sister Wendy. The Story of Painting. New York: Dorling Kindersley

---. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. New York: Bollinger Foundation, 1949. Print.

Euripides. Medea. Trans. Machemer Georgia. New York: Oxford Univ. 2006. Print.

Fryd , Vivien Green. Art and the Crisis of Marriage: Edward Hopper & Georgia O’Keeffe. London: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Print.

Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. Trans. Nina Zhang. Taipei: Bookman, 1999. Print.

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從希臘神話的女性原型來看愛德華．霍伯繪畫中之現代女性特質

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