- 學位論文
應用系統思考以整合關鍵環境議題於甘比亞之永續發展
Employing Systems Thinking Approach to Incorporate Salient Environmental Issues for Sustainable Development in the Gambia
摘要
布倫特蘭委員會強調平衡經濟，環境和社會永續發展的重要性。甘比亞的主要環境議題調查結果顯示，環境議題攸關社會經濟層面的發展。隨著氣候威脅和環境災害的攀升，本研究提出相對應於千年發展目標，甘比亞國家永續發展之系統思維方法。系統思維是一個了解構成要素之間相互關係的過程;這項研究透過此系統說明了甘比亞之永續發展體系。 約翰尼斯堡行動計畫強調，能源不僅扮演了促進永續發展的腳色，也協助實現千年發展目標。長期以來的能源匱乏問題日益受到關注，已嚴重阻礙了社會經濟的發展，又尤其在非洲的撒哈拉以南更是顯著。對於在甘比亞以及其他發展中國家面臨的能源挑戰，可再生能源為其解決之道。 本研究試圖從社會，經濟和環保的基礎角度著手，探討在甘比亞鄉村和城郊地區發展太陽能光電（SPV）系統的可行性。可預見的全球氣候變化很可能對世界許多地區的水資源利用造成影響。本研究調查在甘比亞西部地區的安全飲水之管道，藉此以努力實現千年發展目標。研究方法使用結構化的問卷調查和觀察清單，而資料蒐集對象則是居住在村裡的女性住戶。健康的基本決定因素是實現千年發展目標和確保永續發展的重要關鍵。本研究使用多方利害關係者模型來探討，包括政府、世界衛生組織、聯合國兒童緊急基金和醫學研究理事會，也同時強調了協同合作方法，使甘比亞鄉村地區也能有完善的醫療保健。 在各項應變措施方面，聯合國政府間氣候變遷委員會（IPCC）要求各國做好氣候變遷調適策略規劃準備。然而，在氣候變化的領域並未優先被考量。本研究開發出新的一套優先性評估方法，針對發展中國家氣候變遷調適做應變。研究結果顯示，五項最重要的氣候變遷調適類別為健康，林業，水，食物和能源。 在都市廢棄物管理中，利害關係人間缺乏互補作用，因此一切庶務是由地方議會來管理。對於此現象，本研究提出應將回收系統引進甘比亞，以提高都市固體廢物管理（MSWM）效能。也同時發展出一套系統，讓利益相關者皆能參與其中，更落實永續發展。全球環境立法已經明文規定，禁止有毒廢物運送至發展中國家。其他法規也要求ICT產品之製造商和利益相關者採取環保的方法來設計，並且採行’’使用壽命終端管理’’。這項研究也調查了生產者延伸責任（EPR）在ICT產品生命週期管理以及資源回收模式的永續流動中扮演著調節的腳色。而於此研究中使用到的系統思維框架，能詳盡地貫徹並相通在其他甘比亞或是發展中國家的發展議題之中。
並列摘要
The Brundtland Commission highlights the importance of balancing the economy, environment and society for sustainable development. Key environmental issues relating to the Gambia were investigated showing their relationship to socioeconomic aspects of development. With increased climate threats and environmental disasters, this research presents a systems thinking approach in relation to the MDG’s for sustainable national development in the Gambia. Systems’ thinking is a process for understanding the interrelationships among key components of a system; this study illustrates the sustainable development of the Gambia as a system. The Johannesburg Plan of implementation highlighted the role of energy service to promote sustainable development and facilitate the achievement of the MDG’s. Persistent energy poverty is a growing concern that is seriously impeding socio-economic development, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Renewable energy is the solution to the growing energy challenges of developing countries like the Gambia. This research attempts to initiate, from a broad-based socio-economic and environmental point of view, the feasibility of a decentralized solar photovoltaic (SPV) system as a source of power for rural and peri-urban communities of the Gambia. Predicted climate change is likely to add measurable stress to water resources in many regions of the world. The research investigated access to safe drinking water in the Western Region of the Gambia, in relation to the efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Using a structured questionnaire and observational checklist, information was collected from female household heads in villages. Addressing the underlying determinants of health is a key factor in achieving MDGs and ensuring sustainable development. This study developed a multi-stakeholder model which includes the government, World Health Organization, United Nations Children Emergency Fund and the Medical Research Council. It highlights the collaborative approach in making healthcare accessible in rural Gambia. In proposing various adaptation approaches, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) required nations to prepare adaptation plans of action. However, the areas of priority in climate change adaptation have not been considered. This study has developed a new prioritization methodology for climate change adaptation in developing countries. The results indicate that the five most important adaptation categories are health, forestry, water, food, and energy, with health as the number one priority in climate change adaptation. There is lack of complementary action from different stakeholders in municipal solid waste management, thus is left to the municipal council. This research proposes the introduction of a recycling system in the Gambia to enhance municipal solid waste management (MSWM). A model has been developed which suggest the involvement of stakeholders to achieve sustainability. Environmental legislations have been developed globally that prohibits the shipment of toxic waste to developing countries. Other regulations require manufacturers of ICT products and stakeholders to adopt an environmental approach to design and end of life management. This research investigated the mediating role of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for the sustainable flow of used ICT products through life cycle management and resources recovery models. The systems thinking framework developed in this research is in exhaustive and further interconnectedness can be highlighted in relation to other developmental issues of the Gambia and other developing countries.