地下滲濾現地處理系統係利用土壤對污水的過濾、沈澱、化學吸附及生物處理作用,達成水質淨化目的的簡易生活污水處理方式。根據普遍應用現地污水處理系統之美國及澳洲統計資料,地下滲濾系統為其現地污水處理系統之主要應用型式。本研究透過實驗場進行地下滲濾系統之效能研究,實驗場之污水處理量為1.5 CMD,其流程安排為交替應用兩段厭氧及好氧處理單元,目的在驗證兩段式地下滲濾系統對生化需氧量、懸浮固體、氨氮、硝酸鹽氮及總磷等水質項目之污染削減效率。 根據實驗結果,使用土壤滲濾床處理化糞池出流水平均可去除40~50%之生化需氧量,氨氮可去除35~60%,總磷可去除47~50%,但對懸浮固體則幾乎完全沒有去除,其原因可能是土壤濾床內之微粒子被滲流污水沖刷而帶出。針對流量介於50~250 M3/day之社區污水下水道或建築物污水處理設施而言,僅設置一個化糞池結合一組土壤濾床,其出流水即可達到放流水標準之要求。透過兩段式厭氧及好氧串聯之地下滲濾系統確實可針對氮污染營造好氧硝化及厭氧脫硝的效果,有效削減總氮污染量,本研究整個實驗場共削減了76.0%的氨氮(由35.0 mg/L降至8.4 mg/L),增加了91.8%的硝酸鹽氮(由6.0 mg/L提高至11.6 mg/L),而對氨氮及硝酸鹽氮的總和則削減了51.3%(由41.1 mg/L降至20.0 mg/L)。針對流量介於50~250 M3/day之社區污水下水道或建築物污水處理設施而言,設置兩段式地下滲濾處理系統,其出流水可達到放流水標準之要求。即使社區或建築物位於水源水質水量保護區內,其氨氮、硝酸鹽氮及總磷亦可符合放流水標準最低限值,惟總氮無法符合放流水標準之限值要求。為防止土壤濾床因厭氧而膠結阻塞,穩定的批次進水及適時讓土壤濾床輪休,以恢復其滲濾能力是必要的操作策略。
A septic tank – soil absorption system (SAS) utilises the filtration, sedimentation, chemical absorption, and biological characteristics of soil to treat wastewater, and is a simple means of treating domestic wastewater. Data obtained from countries where on-site wastewater treatment is common such as United States and Australia also suggests that SASs have become a main application for on-site treatment. In this research, the performance of SASs were investigated through an outdoor pilot study. The treatment capacity of the outdoor pilot plant was 1.5CMD, and used alternating anaerobic and aerobic units. The objective of the pilot study was to verify the reduction capability of SASs on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), nitrate, and total phosphorus (TP). It was shown in the pilot study that 40-50% of BOD reduction, 35-60% NH3-N, and 47-50% TP were achieved. It was verified that through the batch anaerobic and aerobic units, the SAS was effective in removing nitrogen through nitrification and denitrification. In the pilot study, NH3-N decreased by 76.0%, nitrate increased by 91.8%, and the sum of NH3-N and nitrate decreased by 51.3%.