從全球定位系統看電信業者對位置資訊隱私之保護

The study on the protection of location information privacy provided by telecommunication carries from GPS

舒心慧(Shi-Hue Shu)

指導教授 ： 王郁琦 ； 曾淑芬

元智大學/資訊學院/資訊社會學研究所/碩士(2003年)

摘要

近幾年來，許多公司宣佈他們發展了能提供導航、資訊與緊急情況等服務的車用產品，伴隨著市場利潤而來的，是在無線定位服務當中顧客個人資訊的使用，以及因利用這些服務而產生的位置資訊問題。
所謂的位置資訊（location information）是一種因定位系統而產生的新個人資訊種類。位置資料意指任何在電子通訊網路當中所處理、可以指出一個開放的電子通訊網路使用者的地理位置的資料。而位置資訊不僅只是一個物體之位置資料的表達而已，也包括了使用位置資料後所得的附加資訊。這些附加資訊的內容，包括了像是物體移動的速度、物體正在移動的方向、物體的定位…等等。並且位置資訊具備動態以及路徑的特性。當位置（location）這概念單獨存在時，僅代表一個「點」的概念，但是在結合有意義的目標物時，例如說一個人的位置資訊，就牽涉到個人隱私的問題。
在1999年10月，美國國會修訂了1996電信法，將位置資訊視為一種CPNI，並且電信法要求電信業者在使用位置資訊前，必須得到顧客的書面同意，但是國會並未說明確切的管理機制，因此FCC澄清了§222的管理機制，也引起U.S. West的不滿而引發一連串opt-in 與opt-out的爭議。
本研究希望透過對於美國的案例以及歐盟、芬蘭的法規進行研究後，能找到保護位置資訊隱私最好的機制。

關鍵字

隱私 ； 位置資訊 ； 用戶專有網路資訊 ； opt-in ； opt-out

並列摘要

In the last two years, many companies have announced that they are developing navigation, information and emergency products and services for in-vehicle use。The increasing market interest in wireless location services has been accompanied by heightened consumer concern about how location information derived from providing these services is used.
Location information is a kind of new personal information derived from location services, it can be more than just the data expressing the location of an object. It can also include other additional information that can be necessary for using the location data, for improving the location measurement, or for bringing additional value to the location data. Such information is e.g. the velocity of the positioned object, the direction the object is moving in, the orientation of the object, etc.. .In addition, it has two special characteristics：”moving” and ”path”. Location alone usually means nothing but a “point” somewhere. However, when associated with a meaningful target such as a person, the location is potentially private or sensitive.
In October 1999, Congress enacted the Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act of 1999, which amended the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and declared location information derived by telecommunications carriers from telecommunications services to be "customer proprietary network information." The wireless act requires that location information, as customer proprietary information, must be disclosed to anyone the customer designates by written consent but does not explain how, when or at what cost this information must be made available. FCC entitled "Privacy of customer information, and it''s regulations clarifying the privacy requirements for CPNI. U.S. West challenges the FCC''s chosen approval process, claiming it violates the First Amendment by restricting its ability to engage in commercial speech with customers. From this moment on, opt-in or opt-out, what kind of mechanisms should be selected for manage the use of CPNI became important issue.
The study explore a case of U.S. and laws of EU and Finland, and expect to find the best mechanism for location information privacy。

並列關鍵字

privacy ； location information ； CPNI ； opt-in ； opt-out

參考文獻

3. Jaclyn Easton著，黃逸華譯

available at http://www.cyberlawyer.com.tw/alan4-08_3-3.html

1. Alan F Westin

Privacy and Freedom，Atheneum，1967。

2. Michael Erbschlde