魏晉南北朝時期的三足凭几圖像研究

A Study of Ping Ji in Southern and Northern Dynasties

汪 檍(Yi-Wang)

指導教授 ： 林保堯

國立臺北藝術大學/美術學院學術論文/美術學系碩士班美術史組/碩士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6835/TNUA.2014.00192

摘要

凭几作為中國人類物質文明中一種常用而常見的坐具，最早出現在西周的文獻記載中，而考古實物則是在春秋戰國大量被發現。在漢代自魏晉南北朝以來則留下了許多墓壁畫或畫像石等圖像及考古實物資料。周代以來君王及士大夫在臥坐於床榻時為了更舒適而使用凭几憑靠身體或擺放雙手，其所使用的凭几皆為二足几，並發展出相當多樣的造型與功能性。二足凭几在經過改良，由二足發展為三足，增強了身體憑靠的穩定性與功能性，並同樣成為當時上層階級物質生活中不可獲缺的重要物品。凭几的重要性在魏晉南北朝時期則進入了佛教與道教的宗教圖像中，並發展出獨特的宗教性圖像意義與文化意涵於其中。三足凭几在墓主像、道教主尊像、與維摩詰三類型圖像系統中針對不同的使用對象及使用場域空間中，衍生出不同的使用功能與意義，並且體現出三種不同的層級性意義。雖然在這三種圖像類型中的凭几使用於不同對象、身份與空間，但透過文獻的記載中可知，皆是同樣源自於凭几使用傳統與禮制規範之中，承繼並體現出中國封建禮制規範下展現秩序與等差的歷史文化意義。

關鍵字

凭几、墓主像、太上老君、三清像、維摩詰、造像碑

並列摘要

A common furniture in Chinese material civilization, the earliest literature about ping ji was recorded in the Western Zhou Dynasty. A large number of archaeological materials were found during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States periods. In the Han dynasty, many archaeological objects such as paintings in tomb chambers and pictorial stone engravings tracing back to the Southern and Northern dynasties came to light. . The kings and literati in the Zhou dynasty used ping ji to rest their hands or to recline their bodies. The ping ji which they used had two feet, and came in a variety of shapes and functions. The two-footed ping ji underwent an improvement in the Three-Kingdom period, when ping ji with three feet were developed. The extra foot not only enhanced the stability and function of the ping ji, but also became an important object in the nobility’s daily lives. Ping ji gained religious status during the Southern and Northern dynasties when it was portrayed in Buddhist and Taoist paintings, and this was also when it developed its own religious significance in terms of iconology and cultural implications. Ping ji declined with the introduction of the chair in China, which became a popular type of furniture in the Tang dynasty, but the image of ping ji continued to exist and never disappeared. After a long period of cultural development, ping ji transformed practical functions in daily life into symbolic items which had deep cultural meanings and significant image iconology. This is the reason that ping ji always held a place in the development of Chinese civilization. Through this study, we can help to clarify this important process of ping ji transformation , as well as its influences and evolution in Chinese cultural history.

並列關鍵字

Ping ji, Image of Occupant of Tomb, Tai Shang Lao Jun, Taoist trinity, Vimalakirti, Statues of monument

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