- 學位論文
殯葬設施設置使用管理面臨之 困境與因應對策之研究 —以臺南市殯葬管理所為例
Research of the predicament and countermeasure in setting, using and managing funeral facility — Take Mortuary Services Office,Tainan City as example
摘要
摘要 殯葬設施不僅係處理屍體及舉行殮、殯、奠儀式的場所，同時又可使火化屍體、封罐進塔達到一貫作業的模式，因此殯葬設施的周全性及環境設計，對人生最終歸途的安排與亡者家屬的慰藉，影響深遠。 為因應台灣社會高齡化、少子化、都市化的趨勢及民眾新殯葬意識之抬頭；本研究特針對臺南市殯葬設施及其管理服務作個案探討，以政府單位、殯葬業者、喪親家屬及殯儀館附近居民為研究對象，研究過程運用訪問、觀察法、文獻資料分析法等分途進行蒐集、歸納與分析，來檢視臺南市公有及私有殯葬設施的現況，從而發現問題與困境的成因，提出解決之道及具體的建議，並提供政府單位擬定相關政策之參考。 根據本研究結果發現：臺南市公有殯葬設施目前已發生「不足」的現象，而未來45年將是台灣人口轉型的重要歷史時期，自民國108年起台灣人口將處於死亡人口17萬7千人大於出生人口17萬3千人的負成長階段，民國140年的死亡率將約為民國95年的3倍（18.60?? / 6.23?? ），所以解決殯葬設施之不足刻不容緩。然而，在尋求解決設施不足時首先面臨的是財政困難的問題，而且其設置選址興建也易造成鄰避性設施居民的抗爭與排斥。 因此，本研究提出若干因應對策，如下： 一、因財政困難且易造成抗爭興建不易，所以宜採BOT方式由政府輔導民間投資，依88年規劃在南山公墓專區興建殯儀館、納骨塔、輪葬區、火化場（已設置，惟爐具不足），以解決設施不足的難題。 二、舊墓區更新是推動達成火化塔葬、公墓公園化、多元化葬法的最佳方式；應推廣鼓勵將骨灰磨成粉狀予以海葬、樹葬、花葬或壓縮成磚塊，以作納骨牆或安放於自宅作為祭祀（同置於神龕中）紀念的多元葬法。 三、臺南市民眾多數不清楚殯葬法規及政策的內容，市政府及殯葬管理所應加強宣導，提供正確殯葬訊息給民眾，尤其是可靠的殯葬服務公司、法規及價位。並建立殯葬技職體制與研究單位，輔導業者改善服務品質，提昇殯葬從業人員之素質，保障民眾利益，以追求顧客滿意。 四、生前契約及證照制度之推行有助提升殯葬文化，應予重視。此外，應加強內部管考機制，有效減少紅包文化；透過各宗教界領袖、文化、禮俗學者專家舉行座談，研訂符合現代的喪俗禮制，並由宗教界起示範作用以改善喪葬禮俗；透過教育方式可使民眾不忌諱死亡，積極面對人生，因而教育工作在殯葬文化提升上是不可或缺的，應予加強。故符合現代化、專業化、人性化、優質化的新殯葬文化將成主流價值。 五、台灣社會近幾年來受制於意識型態，使得諸多公共建設延宕進度，造成社會經濟成本之加重。此社會隱憂性問題，有待設計與規劃轉化鄰避為正面之措施，回饋所在地附近居民，作好敦親睦鄰工作，爭取其認同與支持，俾使抗爭減少，讓殯葬設施得以增設，以解決「不足」之問題。 關鍵字：公有殯葬設施、私有殯葬設施、生前契約
並列摘要
Summary Funeral facility is not only a place to dispose corpse and hold funeral ceremony, it also provides one-stop mode for cremation and can seaming and storing. Therefore, the completeness and environmental design of funeral facility has great influence on the arrangement of final life journey as well as for the solace to relatives. The trend of Taiwan society is aging, less children and urbanization; in order to react according to such trend as well as the growing consciousness of new funeral of public, this research has carried out discussion aiming to Tainan funeral facility and its management services. The research objects are government units, funeral workers, relatives of the dead and inhabitants near funeral parlor; methods such as visiting, observing and citation index analyzing etc have been used for collection, conclusion and analysis in research process so as to investigate the present situation of public and private owned funeral facility in Tainan, find out the origin of problem and predicament, present settlement and specific recommendation and offer reference for government unit to establish relevant policy. The research result shows that the public funeral facility is insufficient in Tainan whereas future 45 years is an important period of Taiwan population structure change. From 2019, the death population will be 177 thousand and birth population will be 173 thousand; it will be a negative growing stage in Taiwan; the mortality rate in 2051 will be 3 times higher than that in 2006 (18.60??/6.23??); therefore, settle the problem of funeral facility insufficiency is urgent. The first problem we met when settling facility insufficiency is financial difficulty, what's more, site selection and construction may be opposed and rejected by nearby resident. Therefore, this research presents several corresponding countermeasures as follows: I. As for the problem of financial difficulty and resident opposition, it's better to adopt BOT mode, that is let government guide the folks to make investment. Establish funeral parlor, bone ash tower, burial zone, cremation zone (already set, but not enough furnace) according to 1999 plan which was aiming to solve the problem of facility insufficiency. II. Update old graveyard is the best way to realize cremation, park-like and diversified burial; diversified burial modes such as bury the bone ash in the sea, under the trees, flowers or compress into bricks as bone wall or place at home for consecration and commemoration (same as in shrine) should be promoted and encouraged. III. Most Tainan citizen don't know funeral regulation and policy well, therefore, city government as well as funeral administration office should strengthen propagation and provide correct funeral message for public, especially provide reliable funeral service company, regulation and price. Establish funeral technology system and research unit; guide employee to improve service quality; improve the ability of funeral employee; protect people's benefit; try to satisfy customer. IV. Living obligation and certificate system is helpful for the promotion of funeral culture and should be valued. In additional, we should strengthen internal regulation and inspection system, reduce red paper envelope culture effectively; have an informal discussion with all circles of religious leaders, culture and etiquette scholars and experts; research and establish mourning custom and etiquette which conforms to modern life; religion circle act as guidance to improve funeral etiquette; convince public for not tabooing death and face life actively; therefore, instruction is indispensable on improving funeral culture and should be enhanced. Thus, new funeral culture which conforms to modernization, specialization, humanization and qualification will become mainstream value. V. Restricted by conscious modality, the public construction of Taiwan over the years was very slow and has increased social economy cost greatly. This is a concealed problem of society and needed to be designed and planned, thus, convert the resident's problem near funeral parlor to positive measures; reward nearby resident; promote the relationship between residents; try to get their acceptance and assistance; reduce opposition; increase funeral facility and settle the problem of insufficiency. Keywords: public funeral facility, private funeral facility, living obligation