新台灣之子與本籍學童的自我概念及身心健康之比較

A comparison of Physical, Mental Health and Self-concept between Taiwanese and New Taiwanese children.

高峻凱(Jun-Kai Kao)

指導教授 ： 林清淵

共同指導教授 ： 程千芳

長榮大學/健康科學學院/醫學研究所/碩士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6833/CJCU.2008.00106

摘要

外籍新娘在台灣的增加產生了新台灣之子的群族。目前八個小孩中就有一個是外籍配偶所生，佔國中小學總人數之2.17%。他們的家庭多屬社經低落，面臨了文化刺激不足、社會處境不利的問題。有關新台灣之子的研究有各種不同的結果。六歲至十二歲的兒童正值入學年齡期，也是孩子離開家庭踏入社會的重要時期。本研究的目的即在於探究國小三年級至六年級學童中外籍配偶子女的自我概念及身心健康和其餘學童是否有顯著的差異。
本研究以多層面多階層的自我概念模式A multifaceted, hierarchical model of self-concept做二個階段施測，第一階段是於2007年七月採取開放式問卷的施測方式來了解彰化縣二林鎮二所國小新台灣之子的狀況和國小學童對於自我及生活形容的用詞。第二階段則是根據質性研究的結果及收集的用詞設計出封閉式問卷來證實一些假說及想法，第二階段的研究時間為2008年四月間，對象為高雄縣阿蓮鄉附近的三所國小學童。開放問卷及封閉問卷分別以 Chi-Square test及 Independent T 分析統計。開放問卷共收集了2245份問卷，封閉問卷收集了957份問卷。
以SPSS軟體做每一個向度的因素分析 (Factors data reduction)，可以發現學童在每一個向度下都發展出次階層的結構。二林及高雄縣二地的研究結果為新台灣之子在國小的階段其自我的整體概念和一般的學童相當。然而外籍女學童在自我概念向度的分佈及發展上是介於本籍男女學童之間，性別造成的差異在外籍學童間較不明顯。外籍與本籍學童在身體的健康狀況並無差異。由心理健康的層面看來，外籍女學童似乎較本籍有較不健康的情形，其在家庭、朋友、學業、個人興趣和嗜好四大心理健康的支柱不如本籍女學童完整。男學童不論母親國籍在身心健康則處於相似的狀況。外籍女學童在心理上有較傾向焦慮的情形。焦慮的來源則來自學校的課業以及社交的受挫為主。
二地、高雄地區的新台灣之子皆不會刻意去隱藏母親的身份，且母系文化及身份本身並未對新台灣之子造成衝擊。是所處的環境對這些學童的接納度及臺灣原本的價值觀影響了這些學童。在二林地區，外籍配偶家庭的子女其所獲得的資源依性別而有不同，新台灣之子的女童受台灣傳統重男輕女的影響較多，並沒有受到排擠的現象。但是高雄地區則顯示對於新移民者有輕微的排外現象，或受到同儕不當的排擠。然高雄地區的新臺灣之子們的自尊心與自我認同並未產生明顯負面的效應，也無缺乏自信、感到自卑的問題。學校是二組學童最有差異的類別且是影響此二個不同族群極大的因素，在高年級後，外籍學童對於學校負向的觀感都較本籍學童增加許多。課業是男女學童最主要的原因。
此份問卷有很高的效度可以區隔出性別、不同的自我概念型態及不同身心狀況如焦慮時的狀況。且具有高內部同質性、一致性之高信度題項，未來可將此問卷於醫學、公衛的問卷的臨床應用。本研究最大的限制及缺失在於沒有相同的施測族群，二次施測地區、環境及母親國籍的不一致。
隨著外籍配偶新新台灣之子在台灣的快速增加，我們需更尊重社會的不同文化，對新台灣之子與其外籍父母一視同仁，了解其異地風情，消弭對於新臺灣之子的標籤印象，而以更開放、正向、友善、尊重的態度來面此一族群，當不同的文化在臺灣交流與激盪，我們生存的土地和人民也就能更多元及茁壯。

關鍵字

新台灣之子 ； 自我概念 ； 身心健康 ； 二林 ； 高雄縣

並列摘要

Because of the increasing number of foreign brides in Taiwan, a new sector of the population is being born. This sector is called new Taiwanese. Currently one out of eight children is born to a foreign spouse. The percentage of new Taiwanese students in elementary and junior high schools is 2.17%. Their families are mostly of low socio-economic status and they face unique challenges, like lacking cultural stimulation and having a shortage of social resources. Children between six and twelve years of age are in a critical period. Their social life shifts from home to school. Recent studies have conflicting conclusions. The purpose of this study is to explore the self-concept and physical-mental health of the third grade to sixth grade elementary students, comparing new Taiwanese students with more traditional Taiwanese children where both parents are long-term Taiwan residents.
Two stages are included in this study. The multifaceted, hierarchical model of self-concept was applied in both stages. Open-ended questionnaires were the tools in the first phase and the assessment was held July 2007 at two elementary schools in Er-Lin City of Changhua County. The goal of the first stage was to clarify the new Taiwanese children’s situation and to collect words and terms about life and schools described by elementary school students. In the second stage, a close-ended questionnaire was designed based on results of the first stage of research. The collecting words were used to test students. We tried to confirm some hypotheses and views developed during the first stage. The second stage was held in April 2008 at three elementary schools in Kaohsiung County. A Chi-Square test was used to analyze the open-ended questionnaire data. An Independent T test was used for close-ended questionnaires statistics. There were 2,245 questionnaires collected in the first stage and 957 questionnaires in the second.
After factor analysis using SPSS software, we found that every dimension of self-concept in close-ended questionnaires could be separated into well-clarified sectors. The new Taiwanese elementary students in Er-Lin and Kaohsiung County have the same general self-concept as Taiwanese students. However, the developments of dimension in self-concept of new Taiwanese female students are between boys and Taiwanese girls. In other words, there is a narrower gender difference between new Taiwanese girls and boys. New Taiwanese and Taiwanese students have the same physical health state. But from the view of mental health, it seems that new Taiwanese girls are less healthy mentally than Taiwanese children. The mental support from family, friends, school performance, personal interests and hobbies are not as strong with new Taiwanese girls as with Taiwanese girls. The new Taiwanese boys and Taiwanese boys are similar in both physical and mental health. From our results, new Taiwanese girls are more inclined to psychological anxiety. The reasons for anxiety may come from poor school performance and social setbacks in school.
The New Taiwanese children of Er-Lin and Kaohsiung area do not deliberately hide the identity of their foreign mother. Their mother's culture does not actually impact them, either. Instead, there are two factors that really affect these new Taiwanese children. One is how they are treated by the environment they live in. The second is the Taiwan traditional values in their families. In Er-Lin area, the children of a foreign spouse get resources according to their sex. Instead of receiving unfriendly treatment by their environment, the new Taiwanese girls in Er-Lin are impacted more by the traditional patriarchal values of Taiwanese culture. Kaohsiung area, by comparison, has slight xenophobia. This is exhibited as peer exclusion to immigrants. Nevertheless, self-esteem and self-identity of new Taiwanese children are not negatively affected. They do not lack confidence nor feel inferiority to other children. The school is the most significant difference between the two groups and has a big influence on students. At higher grades, the new Taiwanese students develop more negative perceptions about school than Taiwanese students. Poor school performance is the main reason for this phenomenon.
Our close-ended questionnaire has a good validity because it can be used to efficiently differentiate genders, types of self-concept and psychological conditions, such as anxiety. It also has excellent reliability because the items contained in the questionnaire have high internal homogeneity and consistency. It may be considered for use in clinical medicine or the public health field. The biggest limitation of this study is that the populations under measurement during the two stages are not the same. The inconsistencies of the environments and the nationalities of foreign mothers between Er-Lin and Kaohsiung county are the other inconsistency in this study.
With the increasing numbers of foreign brides and new Taiwanese children, we need to respect different cultures more in our society and fully integrate new Taiwanese children and their parents. We should avoid giving labels to new Taiwanese children and treat them with more open, positive, friendly and respectful manners. Only when different cultures in Taiwan can fully communicate with each other, can our country and people have a more brilliant and robust future.

並列關鍵字

Foreign bride ； new Taiwanese children ； self concept ； Taiwan ； mental health

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