探討社會支持對職業婦女母乳哺餵型態的影響

The impact of social support on working mother’s breastfeeding styles

蕭如娟(Ju-Chuan Hsian)

指導教授 ： 陳美美

長榮大學/健康科學學院/醫務管理學研究所/碩士(2006年)

https://doi.org/10.6833/CJCU.2006.00087

摘要

背景及動機：母乳應是哺餵寶寶的最佳食品。但社會的變遷，經濟狀況的普遍提升，配方奶粉的取得容易，使得配方奶粉取代母乳成為寶寶主要的哺餵食品。近年來，世界各國重新認識母乳的價值，大力推廣母乳哺餵。聯合國UNICEF調查公佈1996-2002年各國的混合母乳哺餵率在加拿大為79%、美國為64%、英國為69%等，而台灣地區94年的混合母乳哺餵率只有46%。隨著台灣職業婦女的就業比例持續成長，自民國81年的37.67%增至93年的47.71%。職業婦女如果沒有外援，母乳哺餵及產後返回職場間的衝突增加是可預見的。
研究目的：探討家庭支持以及職場環境對職業婦女在母乳哺餵型態上的影響。
研究方法：本研究為回溯型橫斷研究。資料取自行政院衛生署國民健康局最新釋出的「民國87年台灣地區第八次家庭與生育力研究調查」來進行次級資料分析。研究對象為1995年後有生產且有工作的婦女264名為實驗組，有生產但無工作的婦女258名為對照組。分析方法是使用邏輯式及複迴歸，分別分析選擇哺餵母乳與否以及混合哺餵母乳週數，是否受到媽媽的基本特性、家庭價值觀、孕產經驗、健康知識與行為、家庭支持、醫護人員的支持、職場環境等七大構面的影響。
研究結果發現：總樣本(n=522)的混合母乳哺餵率為47.9%，有哺乳者平均哺乳8.12週(SD=11.94)。邏輯式迴歸分析發現─在控制其他可能影響因素之下，家庭支持中已婚兄弟姊妹數少(β=-0.12, p<0.05)的婦女哺餵母乳的機率高，與長輩互動頻率及婦女自己做家務的比例並不影響婦女哺餵母乳的機率。醫護人員支持中產後住院間哺餵母乳的婦女(β=4.44, p<0.05)，選擇哺餵母乳的機率高。職場環境中的婦女所從事的職業類別並不影響選擇哺餵母乳的機率。迴歸分析發現─在控制其他可能影響因素之下，家庭及醫護人員支持與混合母乳哺餵週數無顯著相關。職場環境中從事勞動工作的婦女哺乳週數明顯較短(β=-0.46, p<0.1)。除此之外，我們也發現婦女為剖腹產哺乳的機率就比較低(β=-0.54, p<0.05)。婦女如果為初產婦(β=0.30, p<0.1)、有抽菸的習慣(β=-0.73, p<0.05)、看電視的頻率高(β=-0.09, p<0.05)，會使得母乳哺餵週數減短。
結論：職業婦女與非職業婦女在母乳哺餵上同樣需要家庭及醫護人員的支持。然而職業婦女與非職業婦女之差異為職場環境之干擾因素，所以職場環境的支持會是職業婦女不可或缺的支持來源。

關鍵字

母乳哺餵 ； 社會支持 ； 職業婦女

並列摘要

Background：
Breast milk is the best food for babies. But under the transition of society, an improvement on economic condition, and the easiness to get formula milk, formula milk has replaced breast milk as the main food for feeding baby. In recent years, many countries worldwide re-recognize the value of breast milk, and promote breastfeed vigorously. According to the investigation of the UNICEF of the United Nations, between 1996 and 2002, the mix breastfeeding rate in Canada was 79%, US was 64%, England was 69% and so on. In Taiwan, however, the mix breastfeeding rate was only 46% in 2005. The employment rate of Taiwan’s women grew continually from 37.67% of 1992 to 47.71% of 2004. Without support form outsides, the rising conflict between breastfeeding and working among working mothers is foreseeable.

Aims：
The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of family supports and working environments on working mothers’ decisions on breastfeeding.

Methods：
This study is a retrospective cross-sectional study by using a secondary data from “the eighth survey on families and fertilities of Taiwan in 1998” which is the newest release of Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health. The study subjects are women who had given birth after 1995, which consists of 264 working women as the experimental group and 256 nonworking women as the control group. Logistic and multiple linear regression are used to find out factors that may influence the choice of breastfeed and the number of weeks of mix breastfeeding. The factors under consideration are mother's basic characteristic, family values, the experience about birthing, health knowledge and behavior, family support, medical care staff’s support, and working environment.
Results：
The total sample (n=522) which mix breastfeeding rate is 47.9%, the breastfeeding mothers have average to breastfeeding 8.12 weeks (SD=11.94). The logical equation regression analysis discovery - in possibly controls other to affect under the factor, In the family support, If the family has few married brothers the sisters (β=-0.12, p<0.05), then mother have high breastfeeding rate, which interacts the frequency with the elder and the proportion of housework those are not to affect the breastfeeding rate. In the medical care personnel supports, the mothers who breastfeed during the post-natal in hospital (β=4.44, p<0.05), have higher breastfeeding rate. In the work place environment, mothers are engaged in the professional category does not affect the choice to feed the breastfeeding rate. The regression analysis found - in possibly controls other to affect under the factor, the family and the medical care personnel support have no obviously relate to week number. In the work place environment, if mothers is engaged in the work then the week number of breastfeed to be obviously short (β=-0.46, p<0.1). Besides that, women are caesarean birth and they have low breastfeeding rates. If women are the primiparas(β=0.30, p<0.1), smoking(β=-0.73, p<0.05) or watch TV often(β=-0.09, p<0.05). And they will breast shorter weeks.
Conclusions：
Working mothers as well as nonworking mothers need family and medical care personnel's support to carry out breastfeeding. The difference between working and nonworking mothers is the work place environment. For working mothers, support from work place is essential.

並列關鍵字

breastfeeding ； social support ； working mother

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