國家正祀與民間信仰的互動與兼容—以清代南海神信仰為討論中心

The Interaction and Compatibility Between the Official Cult and the Popular Belief — A Case Study on the Worship of God of the Southern Seas in the Qing Dynasty

洪詩惠(Hung, Shih Hui)

指導教授 ： 陳熙遠 ； 李卓穎

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/歷史研究所/碩士(2015年)

摘要

秦漢以後，致祭嶽鎮海瀆始終是帝制中國的郊祀大典之一。南海之神位列嶽鎮海瀆，主掌中國的南方海域，受歷代主政者奉祀祭拜，除象徵王權普及於率土之濱，更協助在位者為地方祈晴求雨的禱告。隋文帝開皇十四年（594）諭令在地方立廟拜祭四海神靈之後，相較於其他四方海域—東海、西海、北海，南海不僅是地理上的實體存在，更由於南海神靈的廟宇長時間座落廣東廣州，使得南海神信仰得以依恃臨南海維生的粵地人民的信奉拜祭，在廣東珠江三角洲滋生發展。

本文研究關注南海神靈如何以國家正祀和地方民間信仰的雙重角色，分別與國家政權的統治者和廣東社會的人民，同時產生互動與聯結。藉由有清一代，帝國前期的廣東治理推行與帝國後期的廣東政治動盪，輔以梳理嘉慶二十五年（1820）因事遣祭南海神靈祭儀的改制發展，從中檢視清代政權如何透過信仰文化，來因應政治或社會的種種變局並從而反觀國家正祀的盛衰興滅。當中國帝制統治走向盡頭，在國家祀典信仰隨之崩解的過程中，做為廣東地方文化載體的南海神靈，又如何透過吸納地方傳統，漸次與粵地共生契合，遂使南海神信仰的延綿至今。南海神信仰無疑是觀察國家正祀與民間信仰兩造互動的理想切入點：國家正祀與民間信仰既可能依存共生，亦可能各自在特定領域發揮作用，與時因應具化。

關鍵字

國家正祀 ； 民間信仰 ； 廣東文化 ； 宗教文化節慶 ； 南海神

並列摘要

In the years after the imperial consolidation by the Qin and Han, sacrifices to the gods of mountains, seas, and rivers were included in state ceremonies. The God of the Southern Seas was among those worshiped by emperors. The official worship of the God of the Southern Seas symbolized the emperor’s ruling power throughout the territory while simultaneously demonstrating the need to pray for favorable weather. In 594 CE, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty issued an edict requiring the construction of local temples to worship the Gods of the Eastern, Western, Northern, and Southern Seas. Of the four, only the Southern Sea exists as an identifiable geographical reality. Because the Southern Sea God temples were constructed primarily in present-day Guangzhou, belief in and worship of the God of the Southern Sea prospered in the Pearl River Delta.

This study analyzes how God of the Southern Seas, as both official cult and popular belief, interacted and connected with the state ruler and Guangdong locals during the late Qing. In particular, this study focuses on the governance in Guangdong during the early period of Qing Dynasty, as well as the political chaos in Guangdong during the late period of Qing Dynasty. In 1820, the worship ceremony which appointed officials by sacrificing to the God of the Southern Seas was altered. This study focuses on Qing-era religious culture transformations and deals with the rise and fall of the official cult in Qing Dynasty. The study also examines the ways in which worship of the God of the Southern Seas combined with and helped propagate local traditions, continuing until the present day. This study focuses on the interactions between the official cult and popular belief, arguing that the official cult and popular belief co-existed with the tacit approval of the Qing government.

並列關鍵字

official cult ； popular belief ； Guangdong culture ； religious cultural festival ； God of the Southern Seas

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