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  • 學位論文

中國歷史上的象與象牙

The Elephant and Ivory in China history

指導教授 : 陳元朋 李卓穎

摘要


中國使用象與象牙的歷史悠久,幾可回溯到商周時期(約距今三千年)。象在中國,多作為宮廷中帝王座騎;象牙則常見於禮器或是奢侈工藝品之用。 以往研究中國的象與象牙,多著重在兩方面:一是象群的分布與變遷狀況;二為象牙的工藝品鑑賞部分。 象與象牙一直是中國人眼中的珍稀物質,現今象群僅分布於中國西南地區,要取得象牙製品亦相當不易。本文主要討論的核心在於,象與象牙的珍貴性,並非亙古不變的,從以往的「捕象不易」,隨時代與人為的開發,轉變為「無象可捕」的狀況。本文透過象群的分布與變遷狀況,結合文獻中對於象牙的利用與需要狀況,交互比對出中國人對於象與象牙的追求與依賴,也因為這種強大的社會需要,再造成象群的被捕殺及南遷,使得要取得象與象牙成為更加困難的一件事。這種象與象牙珍貴性的結構變異的過程是本文的論述核心。

關鍵字

象牙 珍貴性 象貢

並列摘要


The history of using elephants and ivory in China can be traced back to the time of Shang Zhou Dynasty( about 3000 years ago). In the ancient China, elephants had mostly been used as royal mounts, whereas ivory had been used to make luxuries and rituals at the same time. In the past, the researches of Chinese elephants and ivory were predominately focused on two sides: The distribution and migration of herds, and the artistic appreciation of ivory luxuries. Elephants are rare and can only be found at the southwest China, which makes ivory more precious hereafter. The goal of this thesis is to discuss about the issue that the value of elephants and ivory varies from time to time. Through the changing of the distribution and migration of elephants, this thesis combines the use and need of ivory evidenced from literatures to realize the dependence in ancient China. Ironically, because of the strong social needs, amounts of elephants were hunted, forcing the herds migrant to southern area. As indicated in this thesis, it is not hard to find out that a negative loop makes getting ivory become harder and harder. The relationship between the migration of elephants and the changeable value of ivory is the main theme of the thesis.

並列關鍵字

elephants ivory value the tribute of elephants

參考文獻


李時珍,《本草綱目》,北京:人民衛生出版社,1982。
劉昭民,《中國歷史上氣候之變遷》,台北:商務印書館,1982。
蕭軒竹,〈占城在明代對外關係中的地位〉,《政大史粹》,第10期(台北,2006.06)。
韓桂華,〈由商品貿易論宋代與東北亞諸國的互動關係〉,《中國歷史學會史學集刊》,第43期(台北,2011.10)。
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