工業區周界中超微、微米及粗微粒之分布與特性及氧化鋅微粒對人類肺上皮細胞的生物效應之探討

The studies of the number concentration and characteristics of ultrafine, fine and coarse particles in the ambient of Industrial Park and the biological responses of A549 cells treated by ZnO particles

張永勳(Chang, Yung Hsun)

指導教授 ： 黃鈺軫

國立清華大學/原子科學院/生醫工程與環境科學系/碩士(2007年)

摘要

近年來，奈米科技促使許多產業迅速昇級，提高產品價值。然而，許多文獻顯示，奈米微粒可能因其特殊特性，反而會比粒徑較大之微粒對人體傷害來得更劇烈。
本實驗利用低壓電感式衝擊器收集大氣中之微粒，收集地點分別於新竹科學園區及永安工業園區具代表性位置。探討此兩種不同型態的工業園區，是否會排放出不同性質之奈米微粒，並觀察空氣中微粒的受到日夜、平日週末、污染源環境因子(濕度、甲烷、溫度、非甲烷之碳氫化合物、總碳氫化合物、一氧化氮、氮氧化合物、二氧化氮)的影響。對其微粒粒徑成長及數量濃度變化進行探討。並利用離子層析儀、雷射剝蝕感應耦合電漿質譜儀及X光吸收光譜儀觀察兩個採樣地點，奈米微粒之成分特性及其可能污染來源。
另選取永安工業區中之一家奈米粉體廠之氧化鋅產品，利用低壓電感式衝擊器將其分為三種大小不同之粒徑。將這些已分好之氧化鋅用於生物實驗上(唑鹽類、麩胺基硫氧化、趨炎物質產生及乳醣去氫酶等分析法)來探討奈米產品對肺上皮細胞之生物反應。
結果顯示於白天由於受到光化學反應影響，凝核現象較晚上來得劇烈，其產生之奈米微粒較晚上來得多，但晚上，受到溫度、濕度的影響，聚集現象較明顯，產生顆粒粒徑在0.75~1 μm之間的顆粒明顯增多。由微粒中所含高加強因子值(鋅、鉛、銅、錳)得知，此兩工業園區中的污染源主要來自工業與交通。此外永安工業園區的微粒中額外還有來自海水方面之金屬元素鈉、鉀大量存在於微粒中，推測此地靠近台灣海峽，故有此現象產生。而從離子層析及X光吸收光譜儀的資料可得知硫酸根離子及硝酸根離子並不會只有與銨根離子結合，其也會與金屬形成鍵結。而從離子層析資料中可得知隨著粒徑增加亞硝酸根會被氧化成硝酸根離子。
在生物實驗上，我們也得到一些結果如下:當相同劑量不同大小氧化鋅與細胞培養五小時，趨炎物質產生(IL-8)分析法上，依粒徑小至大排列產量為(349 pg/ml, 95 pg/ml and 75 pg/ml)，而在麩胺基硫氧化也有相同的狀況產生，即小粒徑較大粒徑(細微粒及粗微粒)對細胞作用來得強烈，推測當劑量相同時，小粒徑的顆粒數量來得比大粒徑多，因而有此現象產生。乳醣去氫酶分析法卻無現象產生，推估由於培養時間較短因此毒殺現象尚未明顯產生。

關鍵字

奈米微粒 ； 低壓電感式衝擊器 ； 離子層析 ； 雷射剝蝕感應耦合電漿質譜儀 ； 氧化鋅 ； X光吸收光譜儀

並列摘要

Recently, the nanotechnology may promote the development of the industry. However, there are concerns that its potential negative impacts on the environment and human health.
The objective of this study is to use the electrical low-pressure cascade impactor (ELPI) to collect ambient particles. Two different sampling sites are located at Yong-An Industrial Park, Kaohsiung County and Hsinchu science park, Hsinchu city, Taiwan, respectively. The characteristics of nanoparticles would be identified by the Ion Chromatography (IC) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Besides, the effect of different dose of ZnO ultrafine, fine and coarse particles treated on A549 cells (Human lung alveolar epithelium carcinoma) would be studied. The relative biological response would be discussed by using some assays (MTT, LDH, GSH and IL-8).
The results showed that number concentration of nanoparticles at day were more than night. It seemed that most of nucleation proceeded at daytime due to the photochemical reaction. However, the total concentrations of particles with 0.75~1 μm diameter formed by accumulation mode at night were more than at day. The condensation and coagulation of particles might be enhanced at night due to the lower temperature and higher relative humidity. High EF values (Zn, Pb, Cu and Mn) of particles indicated that theses Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn contained in the particles were emitted from anthropogenic source (industry or traffic). Na and K only were found that have high EF value at Yong-An Industrial Park. Owing to the fact that Yong-An Industrial Park is located more nearly the Taiwan sea strait than Hsinchu Science park.
The result of IC showed that most of nitrous ions would be oxidized to nitrate ions during particle growth process.
The result of XAS showed that approximately 39% CuO, 34% CuSO4 and 27% Cu(NO3)2 were existed in the fine particles collected at Hsinchu Science Park. Not all of sulfate or nitrate ions were in the form of ammonium compounds.
Different size and concentration of ZnO particles would cause the variation of biological response of A549 cells. Due to higher surface area of ultrafine ZnO particles, there are more biological responses ( proinflammation and oxidative stress) measured from A549 cells treated by 100 μg/ml of ultrafine ZnO particles after 5 hr than by fine and coarse ZnO particles.

並列關鍵字

nanoparticles ； ELPI ； LA-ICP-MS ； XAS ； ZnO

參考文獻

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