論魏晉南朝文人的經濟生活

日常生活與文學創作有密切的關聯。了解文人的創作，可以從其作品內部進行分析，但也有另一個觀察方向，便是從他的生活狀況中了解。而日常生活中起到決定性影響的部分，就是經濟生活。六朝文人大都有一個官員的社會身份。官員的身份保障他們的生活品質（社會地位與物質生活），他們的創作期亦與他們的仕宦生涯是重合的，故論文討論大體以仕宦前後作為分割。六朝文人入仕前，以家中父輩的收入與祖產作為經濟來源。他們大多出身士族，在不遇家中變故的情況下，會接受良好的家庭教育，為未來進入仕途做準備。除此以外，優越的物質生活同時也豐富了他們的興趣愛好。而若遇到變故，如父親早亡，他們生活會陷入貧苦的狀態，除了依靠親戚與故舊的資助，不得不耕作或者遊商以供自食。讀書只能靠自學為主。六朝文人進入仕途。然而，中朝淪陷過江以後，朝廷用度不足，單純依靠俸祿難以養家。故他們會利用外放（迎新送故）、封賞、貪污賄賂等方式來滿足單薄俸祿造成的短缺，也就是許多廉潔的文官，即使品位再高也難以撐持家用，需要皇帝的額外賞賜。除此正規與灰色收入來源，他們也不忌諱自營產業。自營產業可以是地產（田地、山澤等等），也可以是貿易經商，也可以是利用個人特長而盈利。在支出上，他們除了要承擔一般家用以外，還必須面對一些重要的大筆開銷，如婚禮、娛樂、愛好、甚至還有意外事故等。這是他們要比其他階層的人多負擔的花費。總而言之，六朝文人要維持殷實生活需要投入很多努力，並非依靠士族身份就可安然享受富貴。

關鍵字

魏晉南北朝；經濟生活；日常生活；文官；士；社會史

並列摘要

Daily life is closely related to literary creation. To understand the author's creation, it can be analyzed from the inside work. But there is another direction of observation, that is, from his understanding of life situations. The part that has a decisive influence in daily life is economic life. Almost the Six Dynasties literati have a social identity is an official. The identity of officials guarantees their quality of life(Social status and material life), their creative period is also coincident with their careers. Therefore, the discussion of the thesis is generally divided into sections before and after their official life. Before the literati of the Six Dynasties entering the official, they used the income and ancestral property of their fathers as their economic source. Most of them came from aristocratic families. In the absence of a home accident，they will receive a good family education and prepare for the future career. In addition, superior material life, but also enrich their interests. And if there is a change, if the father died early, their lives will be in a state of poverty. In addition to relying on relatives and old funding, they have to farm or do business for self-sufficiency. They can only rely on self-study for their studies. The literati of the Six Dynasties entered the official career. However, after the fall of Luoyang and setup Jinlin, for lack of court costs, relying solely on salary is difficult for them to support their families. Therefore, they will use the chance of expatriate work (the local rich people would welcome new arrivals and farewell the former official), rewards, corruption and bribery to solve the shortage. Even a clean official, the high official position is not enough to support the family, and the emperor's extra reward is needed. In addition to this formal and gray income source, they are not afraid of self-employed industries. The self-operated industry can be real estate (land, mountain, etc.), trade or business, or profitable by using skills. In terms of expenditure, in addition to the general household, they must also face some important large expenses, such as weddings, entertainment, hobbies, and even accidents. This is the cost they have to pay more than people in other classes. All in all, it takes a lot of effort to maintain a good life in the Six Dynasties. You can not rely on the identity of Nobles safely enjoy the wealth.