抗戰時期中國家庭的情感及日常生活 (1937-1945)

學界過往對抗日戰爭(1937-1945)的討論，集中在政治、軍事、經濟、外交領域，形成一種「由上而下」的觀點，以「國族主義」為中心。此種研究視角長期以來將婦女與大眾「編派」到邊緣的位置。為了修正男性菁英主導的國族史觀，本論文採取性別(gender)視角，將家庭視為分析戰時性別關係的領域，探究抗戰時期中國家庭的情感及日常生活。此乃基於家庭中的日常生活是形塑兩性角色最重要的性別化過程。再者，家庭是維持社會穩固的重要制度與核心單位。本論文主要利用大量抗戰時期的自傳及回憶錄、日記、家書、口述資料、散文等私人性質的資料，這些資料特色之一，就是對家庭生活的描述高度集中在小家庭的夫妻關係及親子關係。第二種材料是出版於戰爭期間的女性期刊，有關母職、家庭主婦角色的討論。透過公眾論述的期刊，對比個人性質的傳記、書信與日記資料，突顯出政治宣傳與實際婦女經驗的差異。首先討論抗戰時期女性期刊論述及宣傳，如何塑造「戰爭母親」與「戰時主婦」。經由分析、比較抗戰時期各地區發行的婦女期刊，說明戰爭時期主婦與母親角色，如何被不同政治立場的意識形態所塑造、賦予期待和意義；但最終目的都是為了動員婦女。除了宣傳愛國母親形象、塑造理想主婦之外，也有婦女期刊與讀者來信互動的過程中，試圖解決家庭婦女戰時遭遇困境，呈現部分女性的戰時生活經驗。其次，探討家庭主婦的戰時日常生活。檢視抗戰時期女性如何透過母親、妻子傳統性別角色，在日常生活中做出既瑣碎又平凡的貢獻，正是這些不起眼的家務勞動的結果，穩固了私領域的物質基礎，撐起了男人在公領域的活動。再次，分析抗戰時期男性「一家之主」的角色與情感。透過丈夫與父親的角色，更清楚觀察到：小家庭比大家庭更適合在戰爭中生存。同時，成年男子成為小家庭的一家之主後，與妻子、孩子互動更為密切。戰時小家庭中雖然也按照性別分工，但是過往婦女從夫的不平等關係逐漸在消失中，取而代之的是更為平等、尊重的兩性關係。最末，考察戰爭兒童的生活經歷。利用傳記作家對戰爭童年的書寫，分析戰時兒童的心理創傷與成長狀態，也側面觀察中國戰亂下一般民眾的家庭日常生活與親情聯繫，以及學校生活。個人記錄經歷戰爭的童年，除了做為家族史，也提供戰時地方史的面貌，並促使小人物在大歷史中顯影。結論指出：抗戰時期中國家庭確實經歷了改變，結構上轉向以小家庭適應戰爭生活。在家庭成員關係方面，大量夫妻與親子關係的情感描述，說明了家庭成員關係緊密、對彼此重視。再從家庭內的個人層次來看，個人的生命史補足了國家史觀所缺少的生命感，以及增添對地方史的認識。在整個抗戰史的層次上，修正了國族史觀過分偏重政治與軍事的公領域視角，在情感上聯繫起個人與整體抗日戰爭的歷史。

關鍵字

抗日戰爭；家庭史；情感史；日常生活；童年史；性別角色

並列摘要

Abstract The academic word's discussion of the Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945) was concentrated in the political, military, economic, and diplomatic fields, forming a "top-down" view centered on "nationalism" for a long time. This kind of research perspective has long "placed" women and the public to the edge. In order to correct the male-led historical view, this thesis attempts to adopt gender theory and regard the family as an area for analyzing wartime gender relations, and to explore the emotions and daily life of Chinese families during the Anti-Japanese War. This research is based on the fact that daily life in the family is the most important gender process for shaping gender roles, and that the family is an important system and core unit for maintaining social stability. This thesis uses a large number of autobiographical and memoirs, diaries, letters, oral materials and other private materials. One of the characteristics of these materials: the description of family life is highly concentrated in the relationship between husband and wife and parent-child relationship in nuclear families. The second type of materials is female journal. Many wartime women's journals have discussions about the role of mother and housewife. Comparing personal biographies, letters and diary data through publicly published journals highlights the differences between political propaganda and actual women's experience. In the Chapter 2, I discuss the propaganda of women's journals during the Anti-Japanese War: how to shape "war mothers" and "wartime housewives." Through analysis and comparison of women's periodicals by various regions during the Anti-Japanese War, it shows how the roles of housewives and mothers in wartime are shaped, given expectations and meaning by the different political positions. But the ultimate goal of these journals is to mobilize women to war. Chapter 3 tries to explore the daily life of housewives in wartime. By examining how women make a trivial and ordinary contribution in daily life through the traditional gender roles of mothers and wives during the Anti-Japanese War. It is the result of these inconspicuous domestic work that has stabilized the material foundation of the private sphere and supported the activities of men in the public domain. Chapter 4 analyses the roles and emotions of the male "head of household" during the Anti-Japanese War. Through the role of husband and father, it is clearer that nuclear families are better suited to survive in war than extended families. At the same time, adult men become the head of the family, and they interact more closely and equally with their wives and children. Chapter 5 explores the life experiences of war children. Using the biographer's writings on the childhood of war to analyze the psychological trauma and growth of wartime children. To observe the daily life and family ties of the general public under the Chinese war, as well as school life. The personal record of the childhood of war, in addition to being a family history, also provides the face of wartime local history, and promotes the development of small people in the big history. The conclusion of this thesis points out that the Chinese family did undergo a change during the Anti-Japanese War and structurally turned to adapt to war life with nuclear families. In terms of family membership, the emotional description of a large number of couples and parent-child relationships shows that family members are closely related and value each other. From a personal level, the personal life history complements the sense of life that is lacking in the view of the national history and adds to the understanding of local history.