華語言談標記「的話」之語用化現象及功能探究

A Study of Pragmaticalization and Function of Mandarin Chinese Discourse Marker “De Hua”

彭馨慧(Hsin-Hui Peng)

指導教授 ： 劉宜君

國立清華大學/其它/跨院國際碩士學位學程/碩士(2020年)

摘要

「的話」常見於現代華語口語之中，但在華語教材中所呈現的用法多僅限於假設連詞或助詞，而忽略其作為言談標記的功能。本研究以系統功能語言學為研究理論基礎，藉由口語語料庫提供之語料進行分析，探討「的話」的類別與言談功能。
　　根據語料特徵，本文將「的話」分為四類：表話題之「的話1」、表假設條件之「的話2-1」、表事實條件之「的話2-2」及表停頓之「的話3」，並經由特徵分析及語用功能探討，確定了「的話1」與「的話3」作為言談標記之定位。研究發現，「的話1」的功能主要體現在話題句中，用以凸顯信息、喚回話題和強調對比；而「的話3」主要用以連貫與停頓，是典型的言談標記，兩者都經由語用化產生。表條件之「的話2」的兩個類別都是經由語法化所形成，但由於「的話2-2」兼有語法化和語用化兩者的特徵，可視為一個折衷形式。各類「的話」都具有延續話題、加強銜接的功能，但從系統功能的角度來看，「帶出新信息」才是其最主要的任務。
　　本文從「的話」功能演變推論出語用化的途徑，證明了語用化過程中也產生與語法化相似的現象，如範圍擴展與固化；同時也驗證「的話3」語用化的程度比「的話1」更高，說明語用化是漸進性的。

關鍵字

言談標記 ； 語用化 ； 語法化 ； 語料庫 ； 元功能

並列摘要

“Dehua” is a common word in modern spoken Mandarin, but mostly listed as a hypothetical conjunction or particle in textbooks, ignoring its constant function as a discourse marker. Drawing on the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics, this study aims to explore the classification and function of Mandarin Chinese discourse marker “dehua” based on corpus-based discourse analysis.
According to the results found, the feature of the pharses in front of “dehua” could be divided into four categories, including the topic marker “dehua1”, the hypothetical particle “dehua 2-1”, the condition marker “dehua2-2”, and the pause marker “dehua 3”. The metafunction of “dehua1” is to highlight information, recall topics, and emphasize contrast. “Dehua3” is used to ensure coherence or as a pause marker. Both are recognized as discourse markers, the result of pragmaticalization. The evolution of “dehua2-1” and “dehua2-2” should be accounted for grammaticalization, but since “dehua2-2” also show the feature of pragmaticalization, which can be potentially compromised. To give an overview of the metafunction of “dehua”, the most important function is to bring out new information.
This study deduces the path of pragmaticization from the evolution of the function of “dehua”, which proves that the process of pragmaticization also produces phenomena similar to grammaticalization, such as scope extension and fixation. It also verifies the degree of pragmaticization of “dehua3” that is higher than “dehua1”, indicating that pragmaticization is gradual.

並列關鍵字

discourse-marker ； pragmaticalization ； grammaticalization ； corpus ； metafunction

參考文獻

一、書籍

Aijmer, K. (2002). English discourse particles: Evidence from a corpus. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

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Brinton L. J., (1996). Pragmatic Markers in English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.