青少年自然體驗的促進與阻礙對身心健康的影響：以自然連結為中介變項

從工業革命以來科技逐漸進步，然而隨著人們與自然互動的時間減少，產生“經驗的消失”(Extinction of experience)的現象。許多研究皆發現自然體驗有助於改善此現象，而自然體驗中之阻礙與促進因素更是一個值得探討的關鍵，但大多數研究皆在西方國家進行，且研究對象多以兒童為主。青少年的行為是成人的基礎，也是兒童階段的延伸，調查青少年的自然體驗參與可以預知未來成年人的行為。再者，多數研究偏向單一自然體驗活動或者鄰近環境自然接觸的探討，然而人們從事自然體驗的層級是多樣的。此外質化的深入訪談也可以補充量化問卷的僅考慮問題的現象，無法深究其原因的缺點。因此，本研究採用混合方法研究法。先透過質性訪談法，針對台灣的五十位大學部同學進行半結構式訪談，透過三種自然環境暴露(住家鄰里、學校和郊區森林)的訪談，瞭解青少年從事這三種自然環境暴露的經驗，以及分別有那些阻礙與促進因素影響其參與。本研究並結合了休閒促進與休閒阻礙的相關理論，以及觀光行為學的推拉理論與日本Soga等人(2018)提出的機會與傾向促進因素，將訪談的文字稿進行編碼，在以此文字稿內容作為量表發展的基礎，最後以量化問卷來進行施測。正式的實證研究以線上問卷調查526名在校大學生、研究生及博士生。有效樣本人數為515，並結合了自然連結量表與健康量表進行實證研究。本研究透過了解青少年接觸自然的促進與阻礙因素，以作為後續研究發展的基礎。以下為本次研究結果: 1.台灣青少年從事自然體驗類型分三層次如下:在住家鄰里層面以「觀賞風景 /望遠凝視」為最高；在學校方面，以「參與相關社團(登山社、天文社…等)」位居最高；在郊區森林部分，則是「風景區遊玩/野餐」最高。 2.台灣青少年從事自然體驗促進與阻礙因素中，皆共同以個人內在之「推力」及「反推力」構面為主要影響，其代表因素分別為「個性(宅在家)」及「轉換心情」。 3.「自然體驗促進」分別對住家鄰里、學校和郊區森林等三層面之「自然體驗」皆有正向顯著的影響；而不同層次之「自然體驗阻礙」分別對住家鄰里、學校和郊區森林等三層面之「自然體驗」皆有負向顯著的影響。 4.在住家鄰里及學校方面，「自然體驗參與」皆沒有對「身心健康」有顯著之影響，唯獨在郊區森林方面，有顯著且正向影響。 5.住家鄰里、學校和郊區森林等三層面之自然體驗皆對「自然連結」有顯著且正向的影響，而「我總是尊重自然」分數最高，在「每天花時間在大自然中對我來說非常重要」中分數最低。 6.「自然連結」對「身心健康」具有顯著且正向影響。 7.「自然連結」是「自然參與」和「身心健康」的主要中介變項。本研究結果得出，目前整體台灣青少年自然體驗遇到之挑戰，是整體社會價值觀及一種世代無動力氛圍所造成的影響，此部分研究者在最後提出相關建議，希望能讓政府單位、教育單位有所參考。關鍵字: 自然體驗、自然體驗促進、自然體驗阻礙

關鍵字

自然體驗；自然體驗促進；自然體驗阻礙

並列摘要

Since the industrial revolution, science and technology have gradually improved. However, as the time of interaction with nature has decreased, the phenomenon of "Extinction of experience" has indirectly affected people's attitude of preservation of nature. Many studies have found that natural experiences help to improve this phenomenon, and the constraints and facilitators factors in natural experience are more important to explore, but most of the research is carried out in Western countries and the research subjects are mainly children. The behavior of adolescents is the foundation of adults and an extension of the child stage. Investigating the natural exposure of adolescents can predict the behavior of adults in the future. Moreover, most studies tend to focus on a single natural experience activity or only explore the natural exposure in a nearby environment. However, the level of natural experience is diverse and has different preferences for different natural experiences. The qualitative method, in-depth interviews can also supplement the results of quantitate methodology, the questionnaire only considering the problem, and can’t deeply understand the cause. Therefore, this study used the Mix-Method research. First, this study conducted a semi-structured interview, 50 university students in Taiwan through qualitative interviews, and to explore the types of natural exposure through three level natural environments (home/neighborhoods, schools, and suburbs). As well as engaging in different types of natural experiences, what are the constraint and facilitating factors that influence their participation. This study combines the relevant theories of Leisure Facilitator and Leisure constraints, as well as the Push-Pull theory of tourism behavior and the Opportunity and Orientation promotion factors proposed by Soga et al. (2018) Then we tried encode the texts of the interviews as the basis for the development of the measurement scale and a quantitative questionnaire was used for testing. . A formal empirical study is expected to conduct an online survey of 526 college students ,graduate students and doctoral students. The number of valid samples was 515, and using the Natural Connected Scale with the SF-12 Health Scale for empirical research. This study wants to understand the facilitators and constraints of adolescent exposure to nature as a basis for subsequent quantitative research. The following are the results of this study: 1.The types of Taiwanese teenagers engaged in natural experience are divided into three levels as follows: at the neighborhood aspact, the highest is “viewing the scenery / long-distance gaze”; in terms of schools, “participating in related organizations (climbing club, astronomy club, etc.)” ranks highest; in the suburban forest part, the “forest recreation area/picnic" is the highest. 2.The representative factors among the "push out" and the "push back" aspects of the induvidule are "personality (indoorsy)" and "change mood" in Taiwanese teenagers' facilitators and constraints of natural experience. 3."Natural Experience Promotion " has a positive and significant impact on the "Natural Experience' at three levels: home neighborhood, school and suburban forest. And different levels of "natural experience obstruction" have negative and significant impacts on the three levels of "natural experience" in the neighborhood, school and suburban forest. 4.In terms of home neighborhoods and schools, "Natural Experience Participation" has no significant effect on "physical and mental health". The impact is only significant in the suburban forests. 5.The three levels of natural experience have a significant and positive impact on "Natural Connections", and "I always respect nature" has the highest score, and "Spending time every day in nature is very important to me" The lowest score. 6."Natural Connection" has a significant and positive impact on the dependent item "Physical and Mental Health". 7."Natural Connection" is the main intermediary variable of "Natural Experience Participation" and "Physical and Mental Health". The results of this study show that the current challenges faced by Taiwanese teenagers as a whole are the impact of overall social values and the atmosphere of the unmotivated generation. The results will be discussed in the end of this research so as to give some reference to government agencies and education agencies. Keywords: natural experience；facilitators of natural experience；constraints of natural experience