殘酷的命運、不同的遭遇：中國殘疾人社會保障制度分歧之歷史制度研究

當代中國殘疾人社會保障制度最早起源於建國前對於殘廢軍人的保障，雖然保障制度僅限於軍人。在毛時期對於「殘疾」的分類標準沒有明確條文、標準可依循，在實際的社會運作上殘疾者的分類仍是有的，分類的邏輯是先依循黨國身份的排序、後勞動貢獻能力。基於自身勞動能力與就業條件，例如國有企業單位、集體企業單位甚至臨時工，使得就業單位影響其社會保障的內容，身體的障礙與就業的障礙造成參與勞動的雙重不平等，阻礙了殘疾人獲得較好的社會保障資源的機會。一般殘疾人的社會保障制度是鑲嵌於毛時期的二元戶口制度，然而在制度上因為身體的受損（impairment），導致進入不同系統後仍處於社會保障制度的邊緣者以及殘疾者與健全人之間的差別待遇。改革開放後，原本社會保障的承攬和管理從單位回到國家手中，被迫重新訂定國家與個人的關係：國家拒絕承攬所有的社會保障成本，要求社會成員履行投入的義務，並且重新強調家庭與社會網絡的責任。不過當新的福利體制無法立即取代舊體制時，無形中必然會延續舊單位制的再分配影響力。同時，官方積極參與多元的國際性組織，由國家扶持成立的半官方的殘疾人聯合會，逐漸成為國內對於殘疾人議題最主要且有政策影響力的行動者，帶回國際經驗影響對於國內殘疾人相關法律法制化的進程。當代中國殘疾人社會保障制度變遷的時程是依循於黨國運作的邏輯，政權對於保障制度建立的需求有不同時期的結果。

關鍵字

殘疾人；社會保障制度；制度變遷

並列摘要

The contemporary Chinese social security system for the disabled originated from the protection of disabled soldiers before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, although the security system was limited to soldiers. In the Mao era, there were no clear provisions and standards to follow for the classification of "disability". In actual social operations, there are still classifications of people with disabilities. The logic of classification is to first follow the order of party-state status and then work contribution ability. Based on their own working ability and employment conditions, such as state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises and even temporary workers, the employment units affect the content of their social security, physical barriers and employment barriers cause double inequality in participation in labor, and hinder disabled persons’ access to Better opportunities for social security resources. The social security system for the general disabled is the dual household registration system embedded in the Mao period. However, due to the impairment of the system, those who are still on the margins of the social security system after entering different systems, as well as the disabled and the able-bodied Different treatment between. After the reform and opening up, the original contracting and management of social security returned from the unit to the state, and it was forced to re-define the relationship between the state and the individual: the state refused to take on all social security costs, required members of the society to fulfill their investment obligations, and re-emphasized the family responsibility and social networks. However, when the new welfare system cannot immediately replace the old system, it is bound to continue the redistributive influence of the old unit system. At the same time, the government actively participates in diverse international organizations, and the semi-official China Disabled Persons Federation established by the state has gradually become the most important and policy-influential actor on disability issues in China, bringing back international experience and influence on the process of legalization of domestic disability-related laws. The time course of contemporary China’s social security system for the disabled is based on the logic of the party-state operation, the government’s needs for the establishment of the security system have different results.