祁彪佳與《救荒全書》：明末紹興的救荒行動與產物

Qi Biaojia’s A Complete Collection of Famine Relief: Ideas, Practices, and the Book Compilation Regarding Food Shortage in Shaoxing County, Zhejiang, 1640-1641

劉威志

指導教授 ： 李卓穎

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/歷史研究所/碩士(2014年)

摘要

中國的荒政理論與發展，早可追溯至《周禮》記載，而在明清兩代大量的增加。在這些大量而內容參差的作品中，祁彪佳的《救荒全書》是現存荒政書中罕見有系統性的荒政百科。這本《救荒全書》的寫作緣由，是明末紹興府近兩年的災荒。當時由祁彪佳、劉宗周等人組織的地方講會「證人社」，基於早年投入社會救濟、藥局的經驗，積極與紹興官方合作在紹興推動平糴、施粥、給米等事務。

這場明末的紹興荒政，除顯現明末地方士紳的組織力與動員力外，更促使祁彪佳整理其本人的議論以及當時可及的荒政理論與資料，最終完成《救荒全書》稿本。這本《救荒全書》被祁彪佳視為一生心血，從中可見到祁彪佳除了在園林、戲曲之外，作為一個讀書人或者閑散官員，關於荒政的理念、想法與實踐活動。

本文首先論述祁彪佳個人的經歷與證人社在紹興的發展，其次論述當時紹興整體的大環境與影響災荒的幾個因素。再者則是以在災荒之中幾次的策略轉折為主軸，討論紹興士紳、官方、與商人三者之間的關係。最後則聚焦在祁彪佳《救荒全書》的內容上，說明《救荒全書》的特色以及所反映的祁彪佳荒政思想。

關鍵字

祁彪佳 ； 荒政 ； 救荒全書 ； 紹興

並列摘要

Abstract

Based on the works by Qi Biaojia (1602-0645) and a number of local gazetteers, this thesis analyzes local elite’s ideas of famine relief and the process through which their ideas were discussed and put into practice. It also pays attention to how practice would in turn contribute to the modifications of their ideas. Qi Biaojia’s grand work, A Complete Collection Of Famine Relief, is a product out of this process, which not only documents a wide variety of discourses, but also classifies them into carefully structured categories for convenient reference and coherent understanding of the issues. This thesis argues that famine relief was done in the collaboration between local officials and the local gentry elite – their relationships were not equal because the administrative power was essential in making the efforts successful and usually it was not, as much existing literature has described, delegated to the local elite. Furthermore, the role of merchants is taken into consideration in their relations with the above two groups of actors. How the flow of grain was secured because of, or sometimes despite of, the participation of merchants is a focus of this thesis. Therefore, the function of the grain market network is carefully evaluated by this study of the food shortage crisis of Zhejiang in 1640 and 1641.

Keywords: Qi Biaojia, Shaoxing County, Famine Relief

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