- 學位論文
明末江南地區的災荒與救濟活動
Famines and Activities of Relief in Jiangnan during Late Ming
摘要
過去災荒的研究主要是以「自然—災害—乏糧—救濟」相互影響的關係為主，不過這樣的研究模式套用在明末江南地區的荒政研究，就出現了適切性的問題。本篇論文即希望透過不同的角度來討論明末江南地區的災荒與救濟的問題。 本篇論文共分為三章。第一章主要探討江南地區的自然條件以及農業生態，說明造成江南地區災荒有哪些自然因素。第二章討論江南地區青黃不接的情況，青黃不接並不是明代以後才出現的新辭句，其實在宋代就已經出現這樣的詞彙，不過隨著江南地區商業化的發展，明末江南地區的青黃不接有其農業性與商業性的因素。青黃不接會造成當地出現糧價上漲、居民難以取得糧食的情況，所以筆者認為青黃不接可以視為災荒的一環。第三章則回歸到自然災害與救濟上的問題，由於明末江南地區已經是個商業化的地區，我們可以發現江南地區的地方官員在救濟問題上常常使用商業的手段來實施荒政。在明末江南地區的救濟問題上，我們除了重視地方官員的荒政之外，地方紳衿在民間的救濟活動也是需要被注意到的。
並列摘要
In the past, famines researched were studied in its contexts, such as“Natural- Famines- Short of foods- Activities of Relief”.But this pattern of study is disagree with Jiangnan region during Late Ming, because this area has forward to commercialize. This thesis attempted to use different points of view to discuss famines and activities of relief in Jiangnan during Late Ming. This thesis is organized as follows. Chapter one treats about natural environment and agriculture in Jiangnan. Chapter two focus on‘qing huang bu jie’,this word means‘When the new crop is still in the blade and the old one is all consumed’,such as foods temporary shortage. The cause of qing huang bu jie take place in Late Ming Jiangnan had agriculture and commercialize reasons. Qing huang bu jie will raise the rice price and made inhabitant who lived in Jiangnan region felt hardly to got foods. So, Qing huang bu jie could regard as a kind of famine. Chapter three ,this chapter returns to discussion about natural famines and activities of relief. Because Jiangnan is a commercialize area in Late Ming ,we can discover that administrant will use commercial methods to resolved famines questions. Besides official activities of relief, we have to pay attention to gentry's social activities of relief in Jiangnan during Late Ming, too.