氣候變遷調適政策的因應─環境正義的角度

面對氣候變遷對於自然與社會的衝擊愈來愈劇烈，在一次次重大極端天氣事件的觀察下，氣候變遷負面衝擊和過去環境破壞面臨相同的困境，在特別脆弱的地區或是族群上所受影響特別大，如氣候變遷暖化形成海平面上升，最受直接影響且造成傷害最大的是太平洋小島國家，造成了環境不正義。為了因應氣候變遷發展出的兩大策略減緩與調適，減緩政策雖可以整體性的以減少碳排達到防止氣候系統過度受到人為干擾，來緩和氣候變遷衝擊，然而負面影響在時間、程度、區域的高度不確定性，卻無法單由減緩政策來因應。調適政策則是調整自然或人文系統以適應現在或未來氣候或其他環境條件的變動，試圖減少危害同時利用有利的機會，能夠因地制宜並且回應氣候變遷負面影響各層面高度不確定性所造成的不正義。本文將以環境正義理論為起點，建構多元環境正義理論，並且辨認氣候變遷下的不正義。接著以氣候變遷調適政策為主要檢視對象，並以擴張的環境正義理論為檢視方法，就目前國際上所發展的調適政策框架以及台灣調適政策與法律的整體框架是否回應了氣候變遷衝擊對於特別脆弱區域或群體造成的不正義的問題。本文主張國內氣候變遷調適政策形成應顧及以下面向：第一，應加入地方或是原住民族的傳統知識；第二，政策形成過程應確保弱勢族群參與；第三，應協助脆弱地區與族群發展其因應氣候變遷衝擊的能力；第四，在既有減少碳排機制下，發展誘因機制，使高碳排企業協助資助調適政策，特別是對國內脆弱族群的能力建立方面。

關鍵字

氣候變遷；調適政策；環境正義；分配正義；肯認正義；差異政治；能力取向

並列摘要

As climate change has become severer, we found that all these extreme weather events caused a much more severe impact on vulnerable groups and areas than others. In order to tackle climate change, people apply two types of measures: mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation aims to reduce climate change impacts by reducing the flow of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. However, climate change has generated irreversible impacts and requires adaptation. Adaptation policy helps people and nature adapting to life in a changing climate and those impacts, and makes the most of any potential beneficial opportunities associated with climate change. This article addresses the issue of injustice in climate change through the theory of environmental justice intending to develop a more just adaptation policy. For climate change injustice, this article argues that making adaptation policy needs different aspects, including :1.considering indigenous knowledge, 2.participation of disadvantaged groups; 3.empowering the vulnerable groups and areas to live in climate change impacts; 4. incentive mechanism designed to help vulnerable groups building capacity.

並列關鍵字

climate change ； adaptation policy ； environmental justice ； distributive justice ； recognition justice ； politics of difference ； capability approach