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  • 學位論文

環境管制對產業國際競爭力及東亞經濟成長之影響--多國動態CGE模型之應用

Environmental Regulations, Industrial Competitiveness, and East Asian Economic Growth-The Applicaton of a Multi-region Dynamic CGE Model

指導教授 : 林師模
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摘要


隨著各國產業結構由農業轉型為工業化,相對的對能源需求也大量增加,地球大氣層也因為人為活動產生之溫室氣體排放快速增加而遭到破壞。因此,聯合國氣候變化綱要公約(UNFCCC)於1997年通過之京都議定書,規範Annex B國家針對六種溫室氣體於2008年至2012年完成第一階段的減量工作。 由於進行溫室氣體減量之成本將相當可觀,不僅將使生產過程中對含碳能源投入的依賴大幅減少,各種產品價格的上漲及消費產品組合的變動也將導致消費者剩餘受到顯著的影響;而在現今互相貿易頻繁的情況下,不論是單一國家或全球一致性措施對每個國家都會有或多或少的影響。為能確實掌握變化過程,本研究採用由ABARE所發展之23地區19商品別多國動態CGE模型—GTEM,模擬1998年至2010年採行單獨減量及排放權交易進行溫室氣體減量對各國產業國際競爭力、總體經濟及福利的影響;除此之外,本研究也結合利用GTAP資料庫所計算之1965年至1995年RCA及TSC,與GTEM模型模擬結果,共同分析採行環境管制前後東亞發展模式是否會有不同的型態出現。政策模擬情境分別為:1)Annex B國家進行單獨減量,2)Annex B國家進行排放權交易,3)台灣加入進行單獨減量,4)台灣加入與Annex B國家進行排放權交易。 模擬結果顯示,當台灣於2001年進行減量後,相較基準情境下,將對實質GDP只有負面的影響,其中又以台灣進行單獨減量的影響最大;對貿易條件而言則均有改善的現象。福利之變化方面,我國及美國在四種模擬下均使福利下降,而日本則只有在模擬二及模擬四對福利產生負面影響的情況會出現在2003年以後,南韓及印尼這兩個國家的福利則均為上升。就台灣而言,環境管制對個別產業競爭力之影響有正有負,其中稻米在四個模擬下RCA值均上升,鋼鐵業則在模擬四的情況下顯示環境管制對產業競爭力有負面效果,其他製造業只有在模擬四產業競爭力才有正面影響。美國採行環境管制後,四個產業之RCA值均為下降趨勢,其中只有其他製造業在四個模擬下均為優於基準情境;日本則是其他製造業為均下降,而化學橡膠及塑膠製品及稻米業均為上升趨勢。 至於東亞國家(不含日本與台灣)在上述的模擬中均有碳遺漏現象出現,且在單獨減量模擬下的情況較為嚴重;至於在東亞經濟發展型態方面,以其他製造業及鋼鐵業的分析來看,兩個產業在環境管制前後則均呈現有雁型發展架構的現象出現。

並列摘要


The 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework convention on climate Change (UNFCCC), requires the participating countries to implement substantial cuts in greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions. The economic effect of the Kyoto Protocol on non-Annex B countries, in turn, depends on the degree of economic adjustment occurring in Annex B countries. Climate change mitigation policies in Annex B countries also have the potential to induce changes in non-Annex B emissions. In this study, we examine several different policy scenarios. We use a multi-region, dynamic computable general equilibrium(CGE)model to simulate the impact of international GHG emission mitigation policies on the industrial and macroeconomic variables of several major economies. We use two indices, revealed comparative advantage(RCA)index and trade specification coefficient(TSC), to analyze the changes in competitiveness of industries. Besides, economies within the East Asian region have basically followed a common route of development over the past several decades. However, recent years have witnessed that some economies gradually diverge from this common route due to reasons related the development of advanced technologies and specific exogenous shocks and policy changes. As such, in this study, we also use GTEM to simulate the impact of international CO2 emission mitigation policies on the industrial and macroeconomic variables of the East Asian economies. We compute the RCA and TSCs for industries in each economy for years beyond the base year, 1995. Comparisons of these indices between industries in each economy and among economies are then made to reveal the possible changing patterns of development in the East Asian region with the implementation of GHG emission mitigation policies. Our results show that with the implementation of emission s trading among Annex B economies, Taiwan and Japan will have a very slight negative effect on manufacturing’s comparative advantage, and this will not change much whether Taiwan is joining the regime or not. In addition, real GNP is projected to decline in US, Japan, India and the rest of Asia. As for the carbon equivalent leakage effect in East Asian region, the effect generated under independent abatement simulations is slightly higher than that generated under emission trading ones.

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被引用紀錄


曾志雄(2010)。台灣能源、環境與經濟之回饋與互動 ─FREE模型之應用〔博士論文,中原大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201000850

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