自尊對生氣歷程及生氣滿意度的影響

The influences of Self-esteem on Anger Process and Poster-anger Satisfaction

王艾雯(Ai-Wen Wang)

指導教授 ： 李瑞玲 ； 譚偉象

中原大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2002年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu200200608

摘要

生氣激起狀態及生氣表達的恰當性，呈現出個體對外界環境的知覺與因應。不恰當的生氣激起狀態和生氣反應將使個體在生理－心理－社會的適應產生困擾。個體的內在對於生氣的因應通常具有一個整體性的評估機制，俾調節生氣歷程中的生氣激起狀態和生氣表達方式。整個生氣運作歷程中，個體特質上的重要差異如自尊變項，使其在生氣歷程中呈現不同評估型態及行為表現。本研究以訊息處理的觀點討論高、低自尊者在生氣歷程中認知評估、激起型態、表達型態及滿意度的差異。
在回顧過去文獻後，本研究根據自我概念的確定性概念，主張在生氣前置情境下，高、低自尊者呈現不同的反應模式。高自尊者知覺到自尊受威脅程度高於低自尊者，故高自尊者在生氣頻率、生氣強度（前）高於低自尊者，採用「控制生氣」、「以語言表達生氣」的方式高於低自尊者；而低自尊者採「將生氣放在心裏不表達出來」的方式高於高自尊者，導致高自尊者的生氣強度（後）與生氣持續度低於低自尊者。本研究進一步擴充李氏生氣歷程的架構，提出生氣滿意度概念，作為生氣表達後的評估反應，使生氣歷程架構更趨完備。高自尊者因為訊息提取型態的差異，致使高自尊者的生氣滿意度高於低自尊者。本研究同時探討生氣激起狀態，生氣表達方式（「將生氣放在心裏不表達出來」、「控制生氣」），生氣強度（後）對生氣滿意度具有顯著預測力。
為了評估高、低自尊者在生氣歷程的滿意度，本研究預試一以開放式問卷調查及訪談方式，探索大學生在生氣前置情境下生氣滿意度的評估標準（N=27），並綜合過去研究結果，得出九項生氣滿意度評估項目，在正式研究中訂立為生氣滿意度評估表。預試二以半開放式問卷調查法，收集大學生在日常生活中高頻率的生氣前置事件類型（N=332），經由內容分析發現和近十年前李氏生氣前置事件類型比對，顯示大學生的生氣前置事件類型不因時間因素有明顯轉變，故正式研究仍援用該李氏量表。本研究正式研究採用Rosenberg自尊量表、李氏生氣歷程量表及生氣滿意度評估表對601位大學生進行施測，探討自尊高低對生氣歷程及生氣滿度的影響。
正式研究(N=601)結果顯示，生氣滿意度評估表經因素分析取得「恰當的表達」、「正向情緒感受」、「表現理想性」三個因素，內部一致性（Cronbach α）為.85。高低自尊者在生氣歷程當中，生氣激起狀態未達顯著差異；生氣表達方式則符合本研究預期，指出高自尊者採「以語言表達生氣」、「控制生氣」的方式高於低自尊者；低自尊者在「將生氣放在心中不表達出來」的方式高於高自尊者。在生氣滿意度方面，高自尊者高於低自尊者，亦如同本研究假設。相關與迴歸分析進一步指出，在生氣激起狀態之生氣頻率、生氣強度（前）、生氣持續度對生氣滿意度達顯著負相關，但未具預測力。生氣強度（後）則與生氣滿意度達顯著負相關，並對生氣滿意度具有顯著預測力。「控制生氣」、「以語言表達生氣」與生氣滿意度有顯著正相關。其中「控制生氣」具有顯著預測力；「將生氣放在心中不表達出來」與生氣滿意度有顯著負相關並且具有顯著預測力。
綜合本研究結果，支持本研究的假設，即高低自尊受到自我概念確定性影響，在生氣歷程中反映出不同生氣表達類型及生氣滿意度。至於本研究分析結果顯示高低自尊者在生氣激起狀態無顯著差異，然而生氣激起狀態各項指標的平均值仍符合本研究對高低尊者預期的傾向。本研究貢獻在於指出個體的特質自尊變項，在生氣歷程中認知評估的角色；並增加生氣滿意度，擴充生氣歷程建構的完備性。本研究建議未來可行的研究方向，以訊息處理觀點探討高低自尊與生氣滿意度在生氣歷程中的後續回饋機制，建立完整的生氣歷程模式。

關鍵字

自尊 ； 自我概念確性 ； 生氣

並列摘要

Levels of anger arousal state and anger expression reflect individuals’ perception for and reactions toward external situations. Inappropriate anger arousal state and reactions disturb individuals’ bio-psycho-social adaptation. Everyone possesses a unit angry coping style to regulate anger arousal state and anger expression during the anger process. Difference of personal traits, e.g. self-esteem, leads to different cognitive evaluations and behaviors. The research, from the view of information processing, examined the difference of cognitive evaluations, arousal level, expression, and poster-anger satisfactions between people with high self-esteem (HSE) and people with low self-esteem (LSE).
After reviewing the literature, the research, due to the influence by self-concept clarity, suggested that HSE and LSE showed different angry coping styles. HSE perceive higher loss of self-esteem than LSE following anger provocations. Therefore HES people, compared with LSE, experience more angry frequency, angry intensity before expressing anger(anger-preexpressed intensity ) and use Anger Control and Verbal Out, which are angry expressive types, while LSE exceed HSE in frequencies of Anger In. As a result, angry intensity after expressing anger (anger-postexpressed intensity) and angry duration of HSE are less than those of LSE. The research improved the anger process model proposed by Lee(1991, 1997) and inserted the concept of anger satisfaction to construct a more complete anger process model. Because of difference of information retrieval, anger satisfaction of HSE are rated higher than that of LSE. The research also hypothesized that anger arousal state, anger expressive types, and anger-postexpressed intensity can significantly predict anger satisfaction.
The pretestⅠused an open questionnaire and interviews to explore how college students (N=27) evaluated levels of anger satisfaction. The integration of the results and the previous studies obtained nine items on anger satisfaction evaluation, of which the Anger Satisfaction Scale in the research was compose. The pretestⅡused a semi-structured questionnaires to explore types of daily events in which college students feel angry. With content analysis(N=332), the results were compared with the types of anger provocation that Lee obtained in her survey 10 years before and were found to be very similar to Lee’s. Thus the types of college students’ anger provocation have not changed significantly despite of the time passed and the research remained to use the Lee Anger Process Scale. 601 students were measured with the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, the Lee Anger Process Scale, and the Anger Satisfaction Scale to investigate how self-esteem of HSE and LSE influence their anger processes and anger satisfaction.
The results of the research revealed that, with principle factor analysis(601), three factors were abstracted from anger satisfaction -- Adaptive Expression, Positive Feelings and Realizable Results. The coefficient of internal consistency（Cronbach α）was .85. There was no significant difference of anger arousal state between HSE and LSE. The analysis of the results of Anger Expression was confirmed for hypotheses of the research. That is, HSE used Verbal Out and Anger Control more than LSE, while LSE used Anger In more than HSE. Regarding anger satisfaction, the results also consisted with our expectation. The level of anger satisfaction of HSE was higher than that of LSE. Moreover, angry frequencies, anger-preexpressed intensity and angry durations correlated with anger satisfaction negatively, but they did not predict it. Angry-postexpressed intensity correlated positively with and predicted anger satisfaction. Anger Control and Verbal Out correlated positively with anger satisfaction and Control predicted anger satisfaction significantly. Anger In correlated negatively with and predicted anger satisfaction significantly.
The results were confirmed for the hypotheses that self-esteem, due to the influence by self-concept clarity, was reflected in different types of anger expression and levels of anger satisfaction during anger process. Regarding anger arousal state, the results of this research revealed no significant difference of manifesting anger arousal state between HSE and that of LSE but trend of mean scores was still confirmed for our hypotheses. The contribution of the research is to point out the influence of the personal trait, self-esteem, on anger process as an appraisal variable. The research also contributed to a more complete construction of the anger process model by inserting the variable of anger satisfaction The research suggest future studies to explore how self-esteem and anger satisfactions influence the consequent feedback mechanism to complete the construction of the anger process model.

並列關鍵字

self-concept clarity ； anger ； self-esteem

參考文獻

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