- 學位論文
嬰幼兒在物體操作作業的動作模仿
Imitation of object manipulation in infants and toddlers
摘要
近年來，許多模仿研究者主張嬰兒模仿是目標導引的行為。目標導引理論(GOADI)是備受矚目的理論之一，GOADI認為示範動作包含了示範者的手、手臂路徑、物體、及知覺效果等要素，這些要素在模仿的過程中以階層關係組成模仿的目標。當訊息處理資源有限，階層目標彼此競爭資源時，GOADI預測模仿者優先重演最重要的目標而犧牲次要的目標。本研究設計了兩個系列實驗，延伸探討目標導引理論是否解釋17個月及29個月的嬰幼兒在物體操作作業的模仿行為。在實驗一，受試者觀看示範者以不同的手分別操作與手同側或不同側的物體，其中一半的受試者呈現示範者操弄物體後伴隨著明顯的知覺效果，而另一半的受試者只呈現示範者操弄物體的動作。在實驗二，包含了兩種不同作業限制條件的觀察情境，示範者以固定一手操作兩側的物體，另一手握持杯子（手被佔有）或閒置不用（手閒置）停放於胸前。結果發現：在實驗一、二中，受試者都傾向以不同的手操作與手同側的物體，此結果支持目標導引理論的假設，作業的限制條件並無法降低使用同側手的偏好。與Bekkering（2000）的結果相較之下，在本實驗中反側手的傾向很少在反側嘗試中發生，顯示本實驗的作業設計本身可能具有特殊的限制，不同的物體和不同的操作方式被受試者表徵為主要目標，大幅地降低手臂路徑和行為策略的重演優勢。
並列摘要
Recent research on imitation has suggested that imitation is goal-directed behavior. According to goal-directed theory of imitation(GOADI), imitation entails representing an observed behavior as a set of goals, specifying a particular hand, a movement path, a particular object, and outcome. These goals are represented hierarchically with some goals dominating others. When processing capacity is limited and multiple goals compete for capacity, GOADI predicts that higher goals in the hierarchy are reproduced at the expense of less important ones. Two experiments were conducted here to examine whether this hypothesis extends to the imitation of object manipulation by 17- and 29-month-old children. In experiment 1, children saw the model manipulate each of two objects ipsilaterally or contralaterally. In each condition, some actions were followed by salient outcomes of objects, and some were not. In experiment 2, the experimenter use the same hand to manipulate each object in turn while the other hand grasped a cup (hand-occupied) or was free staying close to the torso (hand-free). In both experiments, 17- and 29-month-olds showed a tendency to manipulate each object with the ipsilateral hand. This result supports the GOADI hypothesis. The ipsilateral preference was not affected by the salient outcomes or task constraints. In contrast to Bekkering et al.(2000), contralateral responses were relatively rare in the present study. It appears that the tendency to re-enact an actor’s behavioral strategies was greatly reduced by some particular constraints of the current design.
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
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