- 學位論文
實驗設計法分析植物脫油餅粕蛋白液萃取及微過濾程序
Analysis of protein solution extracted from plant de-oiled cake and microfiltration process by experimental design methodology
摘要
目前全球能源危機已進入警戒範圍，伴隨的能源耗竭的來臨，人類對於能源的需求有著相當大的衝擊，過度的使用石化能源，不僅造成環境的污染，也造成可用能源逐年減少，生質能是一種利用生質作物或者是利用廢棄物所轉換成電和熱等能源型態，一般主要用來轉換成能源的生物質主要是透過生物的有機質，經過光合作用來吸收太陽能，轉換成化學能，將水、二氧化碳和土壤中各種礦物元素轉變成代謝產物。 麻瘋樹為一種新興的生質作物，可以生長於貧瘠土地，或是溫度變化極大的區域，麻瘋樹籽本身的含油量高，經過螺旋壓榨之後，可以將粗製油及餅粕分開，粗製油可經過轉酯化程序，來製備生質柴油，餅粕的部分含有大量蛋白(初蛋白含量約22.2%)，可透過萃取過程餅粕中的大量的蛋白萃取出來，但麻瘋樹籽本身具有毒性，所以若無經過脫毒程序，無法讓其蛋白當作飼料，在本研究中，一開始會利用單一變數法，來進行麻瘋樹餅粕的脫油實驗，為了達到使含油量降至最低，以及能源消耗較少的目的，由實驗數據可得知，當溫度控制在25℃，正己烷更換次數為一次，萃取時間為15分鐘的情況下，可將含油量降至0.581%，之後利用萃取程序將脫油餅粕中的蛋白萃取至鹼液中，並利用回應曲面法來選定萃取較佳參數，由迴歸的實驗數據中得知，當萃取溫度控制在30℃，氫氧化鈉溶液濃度為0.1M，固液比為1:12時，會有較高的產率，在微過濾脫渣程序的部分，一樣用回應曲面法來做較佳參數選定，從迴歸中數據得知，當進料壓力控制在2 kg⁄(cm^2 )，滲透端管狀膜膜孔為10μm時，會有相對較高的蛋白穿透率，以及相對較低的蛋白液濁度，之後會利用較佳參數再去進行膜管增加實驗，來進行長時間的操作，會在原本的10μm的膜管後多增加兩管，分別為0.5μm及0.05μm的PP管狀膜，由實驗數據中可以發現，大概在55分鐘附近須進行前三根管狀膜的更換，來避免通量降至最低的情況。 在實驗測試階段，此套Dead-end管狀膜過濾設備相較於使用掃流過濾設備來說，其設備較為簡單，並且可大幅降低製程時間，因為其操作空間相較於掃流過濾設備來說來得小，而且在相同的處理體積下，掃流過濾系統須維持相當高的流量下，才可以獲得相當大的通量，所耗損的能源會相對較大，如果在相同條件下，此設備可大幅減短前段脫渣製程時間。
並列摘要
In recent years, global energy crisis has approach to the alert zone. With the of energy exhaustion, human demand for energy is a considerable impact. Excessive use of fossil energy. Not only pollute the environment, but also result in decreasing the available energy. Biomass energy is a use of biomass crops or waste to convert into electricity and heat .Generally energy is mainly used to convert biomass is mainly organic matter produced by organisms. After the organic matter through the photosynthesis of plants to absorb solar energy, and then converted into chemical energy. To convert water, carbon dioxide and various soil minerals into various metabolites. Jatropha is an emerging biomass crops, it can be grown on marginal land, or areas of extreme temperature changes. Jatropha seed has high oil content. After a screw press, it can be separated from the crude oil and meal. Crude oil may pass through trans-esterification process to prepare biodiesel .The part of the meal contains a lot of protein (the crude protein content = 22.2%), it can be extracted by the extraction process to get large number of protein in meal. But Jatropha seed has toxic, so the absence through detoxification program, it can not let the protein as feed. In the present study, we will start with a single variable method for de-oiled cake Jatropha experiment. In order to achieve to make the oil content to a minimum, and consume less energy purposes. From experimental data, when temperature control at25 ℃, the number of replacement of hexane is one time ,and extraction time is 15 minutes, the oil content can be reduced to 0.581 % , After extraction program would use de-oiled cake proteins extracted into base solution , and use RSM to choose the better extraction parameter . From the regression of the experimental data know , when the extraction temperature was controlled at 30 ℃, the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution as 0.1M, solid-liquid ratio of 1:12, there will be a higher yield. In microfiltration process to remove slag, it also use RSM to choose the better parameter. When the feed pressure control in 2 kg/ (cm ^ 2), penetration of the tubular membrane pores size is 10μm. Protein will be relatively high transmission, and relatively low turbidity of protein solution. Then we would use the better parameters to increased membrane tube experiments to go long time operation, will add two tube membrane after 10μm tubular membrane, respectively for PP tubular membranes, and pore size are 0.5μm and 0.05μm . From the experimental data, we have to change the front three tubular membranes to avoid minimizing flux about 55 minutes. This dead-end filtration tubular membrane device compares to cross flow filtration device, it’s device is relatively simple, and can significantly reduce the production time, Because of its operating space compared to the cross-flow filtration device is more small ,and in the same processing volume . Cross-flow filtration system is required to maintain a very high flow rate, in order to gain considerable flux. The energy consumption will be relatively large, if under the same conditions, the device can significantly shorten the time preceding removal slag process.