短暫正念引導與正念特質對情緒性指示遺忘的影響：以具憂鬱傾向之大學生為例

The Influence of Brief Mindfulness Induction and Dispositional Mindfulness on Emotional Directed Forgetting: in Dysphoric Undergraduates

陳冠益(Guan-Yi Chen)

指導教授 ： 葉理豪

中原大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201900336

摘要

主旨：台灣大學生的憂鬱情形日漸嚴重，值得加以重視。為了避免個體的生活被憂鬱情緒所佔據，若個體能增進記憶控制能力，減少對不愉快訊息的回憶；或是回憶正向無害的訊息則對情緒調節有極大助益。有研究指出正念訓練可增加正向回憶與減少負向回憶，且個體的正念特質亦在正念訓練中扮演重要角色。因此，本研究以具憂鬱傾向大學生為樣本，探討短暫正念引導與正念特質對情緒詞彙記憶的影響，並預期短暫正念引導組參與者在TBF負向詞彙的回憶率會顯著低於心智游移組，且TBR正向詞彙回憶率高於心智游移組，並且短暫正念引導組參與者的來源監控率高於心智游移組。此外，本研究還預期低正念特質參與者比起高正念特質參與者有較高的正念引導效果。若僅觀察正念特質與正念特質與TBF負向詞彙為負相關，並與TBR正向詞彙為正相關。方法：本研究篩選輕度憂鬱程度以上之大學生，有效樣本為79名。實驗使用列表法指示遺忘派典來探討記憶控制。主要的操弄為參與者接受短暫正念引導與否、詞彙的情緒價性、情緒喚起與詞彙的列表指示。學習階段中，電腦螢幕上呈現兩個詞彙列表(TBF、TBR)，每個列表內有12個詞彙，參與者在學習完TBF後，會收到忘記TBF與記住TBR的指示。學習階段後，參與者分別接受短暫正念引導或心智游移共10分鐘。最後進行回憶與來源監控(再認)作業。參與者的正念特質以自陳式量表蒐集。結果：本研究發現在低正念特質參與者中短暫正念引導組的整體回憶表現較心智游移組佳。高正念特質參與者的整體詞彙回憶有指示遺忘效果；低正念特質參與者僅在低喚起詞彙有指示遺忘效果，在高喚起詞彙則出現矛盾處理效果。高低正念特質參與者的整體來源監控率都有顯著的指示遺忘效果。就TBF而言，高正念特質參與者，無論是正念引導組或是心智游移組，他們TBR負向詞彙的來源監控率均高於正向詞彙。但是對於低正念特質參與者而言，心智游移引導組參與者的TBF高喚起詞彙來源監控率高於TBF低喚起詞彙；然而，短暫正念引導組參與者的TBF來源監控率沒有情緒喚起的差異。就TBR而言，低正念特質參與者中短暫正念引導組的TBR正向低喚起詞彙來源監控率高於TBR負向低喚起詞彙；然而，心智游移組的TBR低喚起詞彙的來源監控率並沒有情緒價性的差異。相關分析結果如同研究預期，個體的正念特質與TBF負向詞彙呈負相關，與TBR正向高喚起詞彙為正相關。討論：本研究為第一個發現個體的正念特質與情緒記憶控制具有高度相關的研究。本研究發現正念特質越高的個體似乎越能夠主動抑制負向訊息並且增加正向高喚起訊息的回憶，展現出情緒記憶的認知彈性。本研究亦發現高正念特質者的指示遺忘效果不會因為字詞的情緒喚起程度而有所改變。高正念特質個體可能因為其不評價的態度而降低了情緒字詞的喚起程度，使得他們更能依照指示遺忘TBF詞彙。低正念特質個體可能對高喚起詞彙進行思考壓抑，反而產生的矛盾處理效果。接受短暫正念引導之低正念特質個體更能準確地記住訊息來源。高正念特質個體較低正念特質個體清楚造成負向訊息的來源。本研究限制為正念引導的時間較短，無法觀察到經由正念訓練後正念特質提升對情緒記憶的影響。另外，本研究使用的正念引導僅為傳統禪修的一小部分，因此研究結果無法完全類推到禪修對個體情緒記憶能帶來的潛在改變。

關鍵字

短暫正念引導 ； 正念特質 ； 憂鬱傾向 ； 情緒詞彙 ； 指示遺忘派典

並列摘要

Introduction: The prevalence of depression is getting higher in Taiwanese undergraduates. It has great benefit for emotional regulation if the individual can improve the memory control ability, like recall less unpleasant messages, or more positive memories. Studies have shown that the mindfulness based intervention (MBI) can increase positive and reduce negative memory, and the dispositional mindfulness (DM) also play an important role of MBI. Therefore, the study is to investigate the influence of brief mindfulness induction (BMI) and DM on emotional words in dysphoric undergraduates and expected that the recall rate of the BMI group on the TBF negative words will be significantly lower than that of the mind-wandering (MW) group. The recall rate of the BMI group on the TBR positive words will be significantly higher than MW group. The source monitoring (SM) rate of the BMI group will be significantly higher than MW group. Participants with low DM can benefit from BMI. There will be a directed forgetting (DF) effect in the SM rate. DM is negatively correlated with TBF negative words, whereas it’s positively correlated with TBR positive words. Method: 79 dysphoric undergraduates were recruited. The list method DF was applied. Manipulations were participants received the BMI or not, and also the valence, arousal, and lists of words. In the study phase, there were 2 lists (TBF and TBR) on the screen. After the study phase, participants separately received the BMI or the MW 10 minutes. In the test phase, all participants received free recall and SM test. DM was measured by the self-reported questionnaire. Result: It showed that the recall rate of BMI group with low DM was higher than the MW group. The DF effect appeared in the participants with high DM. In the participants with low DM, the DF effect only appeared on low arousal words, and the ironic process effect (IPE) appeared on high arousal words. In the participants with high DM, the SM rate of TBR was higher than TBF. In the participants with low DM, the SM rate of TBF high arousal words was greater than TBF low arousal words in the MW group. However, the SM rate of TBF had no arousal difference in the BMI group. Participants with low DM, the SM rate of positive low arousal words was greater than negative low arousal words in the BMI group. However, the SM rate of TBR had no valence difference in the MW group. As expected, DM is negatively correlated with TBF negative words, whereas it was positively correlated with TBR positive high arousal words. Discussion: This is the first study found that DM are highly correlated with memory control. Participants with high DM could inhibit more negative words and remember more positive high arousal words. Participants with high DM could forget TBF by neutralizing arousal of words with nonjudgement. Participants with low DM might suppress high arousal words, and it led to IPE. The BMI group with low DM could remember the source of memory accurately. Participants with high DM could know the source of negative memory better. Limitations were the time of BMI is too short and BMI is a part of traditional meditation. It’s hard to find that the promotion of DM had an influence on emotional memory by BMI, and it’s also hard to generate the result to traditional meditation.

並列關鍵字

brief mindfulness induction ； dispositional mindfulness ； dysphoric ； emotional words ； directed forgetting paradigm

參考文獻

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. doi:10.1177/1073191105283504

中文部分

石世明（譯） （2016）。 八週正念練習（原作者：Teasdale, J. D.,

Williams, J. M. G., & Segal, Z. V.）。臺北市 : 張老師。（原著出版年：2013）

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