空氣污染暴露源分析與健康風險評估。 案例分析：污水處理廠和餐館

Source Apportionment and health risk assessment of air pollution exposure

羅荷如(Dika Rahayu Widiana)

指導教授 ： 游勝傑 ； 王雅玢

中原大學/工學院/土木工程研究所/博士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201900023

摘要

中文摘要

監測城市污水處理廠的空氣質量是防止與空氣排放有關的若干問題的初始階段。本研究測定了位於兩個城市污水處理廠的103種揮發性有機化合物（VOCs），總VOC（TVOC）和一些主要空氣污染物（CO，CO2，NH3，H2S，PM1，PM2.5，PM7，PM10，TSP）。在台灣北部。在第一個城市污水處理廠中發現了三十三種揮發性有機化合物，分為烷烴，芳烴，烯烴，酯，醚，鹵代烷和酮。從主成分分析（PCA）和絕對主成分得分（APCS）確定了五種主要的空氣污染源。第一個來源（35.21％）涉及室內活動（如工人顆粒物再懸浮）和戶外活動（如車輛尾氣）。來源2（26.04％）是自動塗裝和生活污水分解。來源3（16.13％）是溶劑使用。來源4（7.03％）是道路灰塵。來源5（15.59％）是氯化處理過程的副產品。根據國際癌症研究機構的報告，在第二個廢水處理廠中，確定了24種揮發性有機化合物，其中一些被歸類為人類致癌物（第1組），可能對人類致癌（第2B組）。根據美國環境保護署（USEPA）的方法估算了污水處理廠附近居民的健康風險。累積的致癌風險為3.48×10-5，並被歸類為可能的風險，而非致癌風險指數的幅度小於1.在本研究中，室內空氣質量參數包括CO2，CO，甲醛，TVOCs，細菌，真菌，PM2.5，PM10和O3在四種不同烹飪方法的餐館中進行了調查。根據美國環保局和ACGIH提供的方法估算吸入甲醛的餐館工人的職業健康風險。甲醛濃度超過台灣室內空氣質量管理法。基於USEPA為男性工人提供的方法，終生癌症風險在1.01×10-4至3.52×10-4範圍內，而女性工作者在8.30×10-5至2.89×10-4範圍內。被歸類為可能和明確的風險。根據ACGIH提供的方法，職業癌症風險在0.69至2.4之間。

關鍵詞：大氣污染物，城市污水處理，主成分分析，絕對主成分得分，致癌風險，揮發性有機化合物，甲醛，餐廳

關鍵字

大氣污染物，城市污水處理，主成分分析，絕對主成分得分 ； 致癌風險 ； 揮發性有機化合物 ； 甲醛 ； 餐廳

並列摘要

Abstract

Monitoring air quality in municipal wastewater treatment plants is an initial stage in preventing several problems related to air emissions. This study measured 103 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total VOC (TVOC), and some prominent air pollutants (CO, CO2, NH3, H2S, PM1, PM2.5, PM7, PM10, TSP) in two municipal wastewater treatment plants located in North of Taiwan. Thirty-three VOCs are identified in the first of municipal wastewater treatment plant which categorized as alkane, aromatic, alkene, ester, ether, haloalkane and ketone. Five dominant sources of air pollutants were determined from principal component analysis (PCA) and absolute principal component score (APCS). The first source (35.21%) involves indoor activities (such as workers particulate matter resuspension), and outdoor activities (such as vehicles exhaust). Source 2 (26.04%) was auto painting and domestic wastewater decomposition. Source 3 (16.13%) was solvent use. Source 4 (7.03%) was road dust. Source 5 (15.59%) was a byproduct of chlorination treatment process. While in the second wastewater treatment plant twenty four VOCs were identified, some of which were categorized as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) and possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The health risk for residents nearby wastewater treatment plant was estimated following the method from United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The cumulative of carcinogenic risk was 3.48 × 10-5 and categorized as a possible risk, whereas the magnitude for non-carcinogenic risk index was less than 1. In the present study, indoor air quality parameters including CO2, CO, formaldehyde, TVOCs, bacteria, fungi, PM2.5, PM10 and O3 were investigated in four kind restaurants with different cooking methods. Occupational health risk for restaurant workers of inhalation formaldehyde was estimated based on the method provided by USEPA and ACGIH. Formaldehyde has a concentration exceeds Taiwan Indoor Air Quality Management Act. The lifetime cancer risk based on the method provided by USEPA for male worker in the range from 1.01 × 10-4 to 3.52 × 10-4, while for female worker in the range from 8.30 × 10-5 to 2.89 × 10-4 and were categorized as probable and definite risk. According to the method provided by ACGIH, occupational cancer risk in the range from 0.69 to 2.4.

Keywords: air pollutant, municipal wastewater treatment, PCA, APCS, carcinogenic risk, VOCs, formaldehyde, restaurant

並列關鍵字

air pollutant ； municipal wastewater treatment ； PCA ； APCS ； carcinogenic risk ； VOCs ； formaldehyde ； restaurant

參考文獻

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