從臺日住宅型式演變探討玄關空間變容之研究

臺灣承載外來文化的移入與殖民，於食衣住行皆表現出多樣性的發展，尤以住宅型式更為顯著。從早期傳統住宅的合院建築與街屋，並於日治時期接收日本融合西方文化的住宅思維，再到國民政府時期引進西方集合住宅的建築概念，臺灣住宅型式的脈絡交織中國、日本與西方的建築樣式與住居思維，經歷融合、分離、改變，構成現今臺灣住宅的樣貌。本論文將玄關視為一種外來形式，再進一步分析如何變容成為符合本地生活的空間樣貌，主要以中國及日本二地對臺灣玄關空間的影響為分析重點。藉由回顧1945年以前及1945年以後臺日住宅型式的特徵，從中窺探玄關的起源以及演變過程，並以臺日現代住宅共29例個案研究，比較現今玄關之使用狀況及臺日二地玄關之異同。本研究的研究方法以田野調查、訪談及觀察法並濟，試圖解明玄關空間的變化脈絡。研究得致的結果可以歸納以下四點： 1. 玄關未正式出現前，日本的土間、式台及臺灣的影壁、凹壽、軒亭最為接近玄關的表現，本論文視為臺日玄關之前身。日本現代住宅中仍可見土間的存在，式台於案例中雖已日漸式微，但是高低差踏階的表現及隱身的送迎意義仍是日本現代住宅不可或缺的重要特徵及住居精神。而臺灣則因住宅型式大幅度改變，現代住宅中已不復見凹壽與軒亭，而影壁在現代住宅則轉化為隔屏及端景牆面的設計。 2. 玄關空間的存在是領域性的呈現，傳統住宅的合院及街屋時期，領域性意識不深，直至日治時期日式住宅玄關現形，才為國人帶來入口空間的公私領域分界之概念以及穿脫鞋文化。爾後國民住宅，空間配置發展前後幾經演變，直至1984年才確定玄關之必要性，並於1993年訂立玄關空間標準尺寸為1.5～2.25平方公尺。 3. 臺日二地玄關空間的最大差異為高低差的有無，雖然日治時期日式住宅現形於臺灣，亦帶入日本居住樣式，臺人接受了在玄關穿脫換鞋的思維與行為，但入口高低差的住宅特徵在臺灣現代住宅中並未深植。 4. 玄關正式出現於臺灣現代住宅以來，早期為玄關定義「出入」、「應門」與「通行」的功能，其後儲藏與緩衝機能成為玄關規劃的重點。然而透過研究調查，通行、穿脫鞋以及收納機能等已不足以滿足現代人所需，更多居住者關注於生活動線的使用需求以及透過生活化的表現來呈現住家玄關空間的樣貌。居住文化是影響空間與習慣的一大關鍵因素，空間成就習慣，習慣進而成就空間，玄關空間的需求日新月異，伴隨著不同的居住者，即產生不同的使用者行為。本論文透過研究玄關的形成及演變脈絡，從無到有再到普遍性的存在，現今玄關已呈現一種個人化的表現，並發展出符合臺灣本地文化的空間語言。

關鍵字

玄關；入口空間；臺日住宅型式；居住文化；變容過程

並列摘要

Taiwan inherits external cultural migration and immigration, it also has diversity development in food, clothes, accommodating and commuting. Quite significantly that the home style has been evolved a lots. Since traditional ancient house such as Ho-Yuan architecture and street house, additionally, it adopted mixed western cultural living mindset from Japan during Japanese governance period. Furthermore, Chinese government imported architecture concept from western collective house. The vein of Taiwanese home style integrated not only China, Japanese architecture style, but also western living mindset. It has been through migration, separation, change, until the existing appearance of Taiwanese home stype nowadays. This thesis is going to consider extrance as an external format, therefore will analyze how it is enhanced and accommodate into domestic living style in further. It will mainly concentrate on how China and Japan are impacting the entrance space in Taiwan as a focus area. It will explore the origin of foyer as well as transformation progress by recalling all the characteristics of Japanese and Taiwanese home style before and after 1945. It will compare contemporary entrace using condition and the differences between Japanese and Taiwanese extrances via 29 case studies from these two countries. The research method of this study will be based upon three categories: field investigation, interview and observation methodology in order to identify the innovation progress of entrace space. The conclusion of this research could be summarized in 4 major points as following: 1. This these believes that prior to the foyer is officially available, Do-Ma Shiki Dai from Japan, Yin-Bi, Ou-Shou, Xuan-Ting from Taiwan are the most similar structure to foyer. Do-Ma is still visible in current modern buildings in Japan. Despite that Shiki Dai is fadeaway in the study, however, the characteristic of high low stairsteps including low-profile meaning of welcome and farewell are still the essential features and living spirit among modern building in Japan. Quite differently, Ou-Shou and Xuan-Ting are no longer existed in modern buildings in Taiwan due to significantly transformed, besides, Yin-Bi becomes the design of partition and ornamental wall. 2. The presence of entrace space is to demonstrate the concept of territory. The territory mindset was meaningless amid traditional house during Ho-Yuan and street house period. The perception of separating the public versus private zones of entrance space as well as the culture of take shoes off was adopted and realized by Taiwanese citizens while the foyer of Japanese house was available during Japanese governance period. After that, civilian residence and development of space allocation have been evolved over and over again. As a result, foyer became mandatory in 1984. Moreover, the standard dimention of extrance space was formally defined as 1.5 ~ 2.25 square meters in 1993. 3. The major difference between Taiwanese and Japanese extrance space is the stairstep. Although Japanese houses were visible in Taiwan during Japan governance period, additionally, the Japanese living style was imported at the same time. Taiwanese folks started to accept the mindset and behavior of changing and taking shoes off at the foyer, nevertheless, it is still not quite popular to observe the dinstinction of high low stairsteps in Taiwanese modern building. 4. Since the foyer has been formally introduced into Taiwanese modern house, the initial feature of the foyer is the entrance, exist, pass through and answering the door. Afterwards, the major function of foyer becomes a storage or buffer area. According to our research and investigation, it no longer fulfills the needs nowadays wheather the feature of this zone is pass through, change or take off shows, even as a storage area. More residences are more focused and concering about the utilization of living route as well as how the appearance of the foyer is manifesting the living style. Living style is one of the key factors of influencing the space and daily routine. The space forms the habit, meanwhile, the habit accomplishes space. The requirement of entrance space keeps evolving and correlated with variety of residences, which is in parallel contributing to unique user behaviors. This thesis and research is based on how the foyer is constructed and evolved, from unknown to well-known ordinarily. At present, foyer has been representing a personal performance, furthermore, it develops a space dialect that is suitable among domestic Taiwanese culture.