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  • 學位論文

強盜罪與搶奪罪及恐嚇取財罪之區分界線—兼論重新整合之可能性

The Dividing Line between Robbery,Snatch and Extortion—Extend Study on the Possibility of the Reintegration

指導教授 : 張天一

摘要


如何區別「強盜罪」與「恐嚇取財罪」,在我國實務以及學界上始終是個難解的問題。法院在審理個案時,對於行為人的犯罪行為,究竟應該論以強盜罪還是恐嚇取財罪,多半都以行為人的行為有無使被害人「至使不能抗拒」作為判斷的依據,但就相同的案例情形,上下級法院間的意見卻常常相左,發生發回更審的結果也屢見不鮮,這其中除了有必要澄清「至使不能抗拒」之意義外,尚須釐清強盜罪中「強暴」、「脅迫」,以及恐嚇取財罪中「恐嚇」之概念與範圍。 在德國刑法第249條強盜罪與第253條勒索罪之立法中,相較我國有許多不同的地方,其條文中並沒有類似「至使不能抗拒」的規定,且對於強盜罪中的「強暴」,是將其限縮在「對人強暴」(Gewalt gegen eine Person)的範圍,而「脅迫」是僅指「以對身體或生命的現時危險相威脅」(unter Anwendung von Drohung mit gegenwärtiger Gefahr für Leib oder Leben)的態樣,並在勒索罪中規定「威脅」(Drohung)的構成要件行為,係指「以可感受的惡害相威脅」(durch Drohung mit einem empfindlichen Übel);從中可以發現,德國並沒有所謂「脅迫」、「恐嚇」的分別,不論在強盜罪抑或是勒索罪都是以「威脅」來作規範,只是在不同的犯罪中對此行為加上一定的要求或限制。 從而,在解決強盜罪、恐嚇取財罪之間的問題前,除了先整理我國實務與學說的見解,歸納出區分標準的爭議,找出相牽涉的概念外,再進一步瞭解德國強盜罪與勒索罪的立法與解釋,由於我國是屬繼受法系的國家,就德國刑法上相關犯罪的了解,有助於釐清我國現行制度的漏洞與缺失。因此,在理解我國與德國之立法、相關概念見解以及實務運作的情形,並將兩制度相對照、檢討後,試圖找尋較合理且可行的區分標準,使得往後在強盜罪與恐嚇取財罪的個案認定上,不會因為模糊不清的界線,而導致發生過度取決於法院的主觀判斷,或太過依賴被害人在客觀上感受的情形。

關鍵字

強盜 恐嚇取財 至使不能抗拒 脅迫 恐嚇 強暴

並列摘要


How to distinguish “robbery” and “extortion” has always been a puzzling question in practice and academia. In the situation of what should be sentencing to robbery or extortion, most of the courts often depend on whether the behavior of the perpetrators make the victims resistance impossible. But in the same situation of other cases, the opinion of lower and higher courts are often conflicted, and the cases are often reversed. So, it is necessary to clarify the meaning of “resistance impossible”, and to clarify the meaning of violence, threat in robbery, and the meaning of intimidation in extortion. Compare to our criminal law, there are many difference in Criminal Code of German. In article 249 and article 253, robbery and kidnapping for ransom in Criminal Code of German, there is no “resistance impossible” or other similar requirements. The violence in robbery is limited to "a person who uses violence to others” ( Gewalt gegen eine Person ), “threat” is limited to “present danger to body and life” ( unter Anwendung von Drohung mit gegenwärtiger Gefahr für Leib oder Leben ), and “fright” ( Drohung ) in kidnapping for ransom means “be terrified by perceivable danger” ( durch Drohung mit einem empfindlichen Übel ). Regardless of robbery or kidnapping for ransom, It can be found that there is no so-called “threat” and “intimidation” in the provisions, but use “fright” instead. These crimes differ from certain requirements or limitations. Before dealing with robbery and extortion, this article would arrange the opinion of the practice and academia, concluding the standard, issues and concepts of these crimes. Because Taiwan inherits German law, it is necessary to understand the legislation and explanation of German law, and it is helpful for Taiwan to make up the defects on these crimes. After realizing, comparing and reviewing the legislation, concepts and practice in Taiwan and German, this article would like to figure out suitable and practicable standards for the identification on robbery and extortion to avoid the vagueness of these crimes, the arbitrary judgment by the courts, or depending on victims' feeling too much.

並列關鍵字

robbery extortion resistance impossible threat intimidation violence

參考文獻


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