福建茶鄉地方創生：探索茶文化與聚落發展結合的案例研究

Local revitalization of Fujian tea villages: A case study of exploring the combination of tea culture and settlement development

沈婧(Jing Shen)

指導教授 ： 周融駿

中原大學/設計學院/設計學博士學位學程/博士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu202100670

摘要

全球危機具有經濟、社會、環境和文化性質，它為經濟領域的變革和新挑戰以及建立更好的社會和地域凝聚力和環境平衡提供了良好的機會。伴隨19—20世紀人們對遺產價值認識的逐步深入、世界各國遺產實踐與綱領性檔的形成，圍繞發展新的遺產方法和技術，將“自然-人工”、“景觀”與“文化”二元關係概念逐漸被引入遺產保護領域（肖競、李和平、曹珂，2016）。以增強參與發展的主要行為者的能力、教育、聯繫和合作。地方政策制定者、專家和企業的不協調行動，以及當地居民目前的消極態度，往往被認為是遺產保存與發展的關鍵問題。20世紀90年代以來，中國大陸的鄉村發展處於轉型期，過度城鎮化的發展格局也造成了鄉村的文化特色的發展與破壞。目前，鄉村振興的政策驅動下推動地方農業文化遺產保存與發展，對於茶文化發展而言，茶葉是重要的農業經濟作物，也是中國大陸傳統的優勢產業，具有極大的社會價值與經濟意義｡茶文化亦是中國傳統文化之重要組成部分，茶葉在過去作為中國與世界的商貿聯結之路，現今更成為中外聞名交流的媒介之一（林楚璿，2019年）。中國茶葉遺產地的地方創生如何滿足環境、經濟與社會的永續發展的目標，已成為學術界所關注的重要議題。
本研究結合福建茶鄉歷史村落的發展現狀，以福建閩北、閩南為研究對象，本研究厘清構成茶業地方創生所需條件，提出自然條件、人類活動、時間演變、有形與無形元素為茶業文化景觀之要素，試圖建構區域獨特之茶業文化景觀的地方創生方法，對其改造進行調研分析和總結。系統性文獻回顧了近年來文化景觀的地方創生的研究成果，在自然與文化的景觀現象學的哲學基礎建構了文化景觀發展理念。
本研究旨在探究於推動地方創生戰略下，福建茶鄉文化景觀發展之完整面貌，性質屬於質性研究，研究方法為文獻分析、個案研究和深度訪談法，本研究透過實地調查和參與性觀察進行。採取了有目的的抽樣方法來選擇受訪者，以確保背景和參與實施過程的多樣性。研究的主要目的在於針對當前人文與社會方面鄉村建設存在缺陷與不足。主要以文化景觀遺產概念內涵和外延的演變，探究不同理論的內在聯繫，梳理整體脈絡，理清思想內核，依據並說明所謂文化景觀對於產業經濟與社會生活的意義，從東西方哲學來分析環境、文化、產業與社會的共生關係，以此構建基於永續發展視閾下的地方創生理念；研究將從福建茶鄉二個案例地區的氣候、地域文化景觀及文化特色產業特徵出發，探究影響福建茶鄉文化景觀的地方創生之關鍵要素。以此提出基於文化景觀的福建茶鄉地方創生結合之發展途徑。
研究成果包括三個方面，首先，為實現人文改造所要求的改善村落環境與生態景觀，基於自然與人聯繫起來的景觀特徵，綠色梯形狀的鄉村文化景觀，構建基於永續發展視閾下的地方創生理念。其次，以福建茶鄉案例作為分析對象：（一）比較分析二個不同空間尺度個案所形塑的鄉村文化或景觀空間為何，以及對於個案發展文化與產業經濟的異同與歷史地理環境脈絡的差異；（二）闡述個案的發起與歷程所涉及的社會組織、在地社群或遊客的力量與內涵；（三）綜合整理福建茶鄉利用茶文化作為文化景觀發展的手段，以達地方創生途徑之不同模式與理論意涵。最後，通過對鄉村內源力、景觀資源整合的重視，以文化景觀之文化、社會、生態與產業等整體性保護“創生”策略，建構更加完善的文化景觀價值體系。以此彌補當前地方創生之不足，使村落文化景觀延續其生命價值，並以此為基礎，建構了人文景觀遺產理念與地方創生途徑的行動綱領，以形成跨界跨域協同改造模式，促進鄉村社會的可持續發展。

關鍵字

福建茶鄉 ； 文化景觀 ； 地方創生 ； 茶文化與旅遊 ； 整體性保護

並列摘要

The global crisis has the nature of economy, society, environment and culture, which provides a good opportunity for the changes and new challenges in the economic field and the establishment of better social and regional cohesion and environmental balance. With the deepening of people's understanding of heritage values in the 19th-20th century and the formation of heritage practices and programmatic documents around the world, the concepts of "nature-labor", "landscape" and "culture" were gradually introduced into the field of heritage protection around the development of new heritage methods and technologies (Xiao Jing, Li Heping, Cao Ke, 2016). So as to enhance the capacity, education, contacts and cooperation of the main actors involved in development. The uncoordinated actions of local policy makers, experts and enterprises, as well as the current negative attitudes of local residents, are often regarded as the key issues of heritage preservation and development. Since 1990s, rural development in Chinese mainland has been in a transitional period, and the development pattern of excessive urbanization has also caused the development and destruction of rural cultural characteristics. At present, the policy of rural revitalization promotes the preservation and development of local agricultural cultural heritage. For the development of tea culture, tea is an important agricultural economic crop and a traditional advantageous industry in Chinese mainland, which has great social value and economic significance. Tea culture is also an important part of Chinese traditional culture. In the past, tea was used as a trade link between China and the world, and now it has become one of the famous communication media between China and foreign countries (Lin Chuying, 2019). How to meet the sustainable development of environment, economy and society in the local creation of tea heritage sites in China has become an important issue of academic concern.
Combined with the development status of historical villages in tea town of Fujian, this study takes northern Fujian and southern Fujian as research objects, clarifies the necessary conditions for the local creation of tea industry, and puts forward that natural conditions, human activities, time evolution, tangible and intangible elements are the elements of tea cultural landscape, trying to construct the local creation method of regional unique tea cultural landscape, and making investigation, analysis and summary on its transformation. Systematic literature reviews the research results of local creation of cultural landscape in recent years, and constructs the development concept of cultural landscape on the philosophical basis of landscape phenomenology of nature and culture.
The purpose of this study is to explore the complete appearance of the cultural landscape development in Fujian Tea Township under the strategy of promoting local creation. The research methods are literature analysis, case study and in-depth interview. This study is conducted through field investigation and participatory observation. Targeted sampling method was adopted to select the interviewees, so as to ensure the diversity of background and participation in the implementation process. The main purpose of the study is to solve the defects and deficiencies in the current rural construction in humanities and society. Based on the evolution of the connotation and extension of cultural landscape heritage concept, this paper explores the internal relations of different theories, combs the overall context, clarifies the ideological core, and explains the significance of the so-called cultural landscape to industrial economy and social life. It analyzes the symbiotic relationship between environment, culture, industry and society from Eastern and Western philosophies, so as to construct the local creation concept based on the perspective of sustainable development. Based on the climate, regional cultural landscape and industrial characteristics of cultural characteristics in two case areas of Tea Township in Fujian Province, the research will explore the key elements of local creation that affect the cultural landscape of Tea Township in Fujian Province. Based on this, this paper puts forward the development approach of the combination of local creation and creation in Fujian Tea Township based on cultural landscape.
The research results include three aspects. First, in order to improve the village environment and ecological landscape required by the humanistic transformation, based on the landscape characteristics of the connection between nature and people and the green ladder-shaped rural cultural landscape, the concept of local creation based on the perspective of sustainable development is constructed. Secondly, taking the case of tea town in Fujian as the analysis object: (1) Compare and analyze the rural culture or landscape space shaped by two cases with different spatial scales, and the differences between the culture and industrial economy of case development and the historical geographical environment context; (2) Explain the strength and connotation of social organizations, local communities or tourists involved in the initiation and course of the case; (3) Comprehensive arrangement of tea culture as a means of cultural landscape development in Fujian Tea Township, in order to achieve different modes and theoretical meanings of local creative ways. Finally, through attaching importance to the integration of rural internal forces and landscape resources, we can construct a more perfect cultural landscape value system by protecting the "creation" strategy of culture, society, ecology and industry as a whole. In this way, we can make up for the deficiency of local creation, and make the village cultural landscape continue its life value. Based on this, we construct the action program of cultural landscape heritage idea and local creation way, so as to form a cross-border and cross-domain collaborative transformation mode and promote the sustainable development of rural society.

並列關鍵字

Fujian tea town ； cultural landscape ； local creation ； tea culture and tourism ； holistic protection

參考文獻

[1]Arnstein,S.R.(1969).A ladder of citizen participation.Journal of the American Institute of planners,35(4),216-224.

[2]Appendini,K.(2001).Land and Livelihood:What do we Know,and What are the Issues?.Land and sustainable livelihood in Latin America,23-38.

[3]Apostolakis,A.(2003).The convergence process in heritage tourism.Annals of tourism research,30(4),795-812.

[4]Antrop,M.(2004).Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe.Landscape and urban planning,67(1-4),9-26.

[5]Aplin,G.(2007).World heritage cultural landscapes.International Journal of Heritage Studies,13(6),427-446.