動機在機率酬賞學習作業表現之效果

The effect of motivation on the performance of probabilistic reward learning

曾靖雅(Jing-Ya Zeng)

指導教授 ： 洪福建

中原大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu202000213

摘要

研究背景與目的：許多研究強調動機缺損的重要性，發現對於心理病理有重大影響，包括生活功能、主觀生活品質、復原力和疾病復發率。在過去的研究皆顯示，思覺失調症患者與健康控制組皆有正常的愉悅反應與經驗，但顯然患者對於可獲得獎勵或有愉悅結果的目標導向活動，其參與的動機行為極低。因此，本研究先以非臨床樣本為研究對象，探討動機在機率酬賞學習作業表現上的影響，提供未來了解臨床患者的動機相關機制。
研究方法：研究對象分為高動機組與低動機組，高動機組41位，低動機組40位，來源為社區民眾。研究工具包含WAIS-IV簡版、中文版行為抑制與行為激發量表、機率酬賞學習作業及內在動機量表。資料分析採2*2*2的三因子變異數混合設計，獨變項分別為組別(高、低動機組)、價性(正、負向)、酬賞機率(高、低機率)；依變項為正確率與反應時間。
研究結果：兩組別在機率酬賞學習作業表現上未達顯著差異。不過，高動機組正確率略高於低動機組。此外，兩組別無論在正負向刺激圖，高機率正確率大於低機率。在高機率的情況下，其正向圖正確率大於負向圖；在低機率的情況下，正負向之正確率則無顯著差異。反應時間的部分皆未達顯著差異。
討論：兩組受試者在高機率之刺激圖皆可習得並做出正確的反應；低機率之刺激圖較難明顯區分與習得，導致正確率相對較低。透過學習歷程分析，可以發現高、低動機兩組在機率酬賞學習作業上其學習成效雖然相同，但高動機組在學習上較低動機組快。另外，低動機組的受試者傾向「逃避懲罰」的行為多於高動機組，使其負向高機率之正確率較高動機組高。建議未來可以選擇臨床樣本進行研究，以利未來發展較佳的治療策略以提升動機並積極鼓勵患者參與康復的歷程。

關鍵字

動機 ； 機率酬賞學習作業 ； 負性症狀 ； 思覺失調症

並列摘要

Background and purpose：Many studies have emphasized the importance of motivational deficits and found significant effects on psychopathology, including life function, subjective quality of life, resilience and disease recurrence rate. Past studies have shown that both schizophrenia and healthy people have normal pleasant reactions and experiences. Patients have very low motivation to participate in goal-oriented activities that can provide rewards or have pleasant results. Therefore, this study intends to use non-clinical samples as the research object to explore the impact of motivation on the performance of probabilistic reward learning, and provide a mechanism for understanding the motivation of clinical patients in the future.
Method：The subjects were divided into high motivation group(n=41) and low motivation group(n=40). They were recruited from the community. All subjects were required to complete the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition(WAIS-IV), Behavior Inhibition Activation Scales(BIS/BAS), Probabilistic reward learning, Intrinsic Motivation Inventory(IMI). Three-way mixed model ANOVA(independent variable: high or low motivation group、positive or negative valence、high or low reward probability；dependent variable: accuracy rate and response time) is used to test the performance of probabilistic reward learning.
Result：There was no significant difference between the two groups in the performance of probabilistic reward learning. However, the accuracy rate of the high motivation group is slightly higher than the low motivation group. In addition, regardless of the positive and negative valence, the accuracy rate of high probability is greater than the low probability. In the case of high probability, the positive valence of the accuracy rate is greater than the negative valence. In the case of low probability, there is no significant difference in the positive and negative accuracy rate. No significant difference in response time
Discussion：Both groups of subjects can learn and respond correctly on the high probability stimulus. Low probability stimulus are more difficult to distinguish, resulting in a relatively low accuracy rate. Through learning process analysis, it can be found that although the high- and low-motivation groups have the same learning effectiveness in the probabilistic reward learning, but the high-motivation group is faster in learning than the lower-motivation group. In addition, the subjects in the low motivation group tended to "escape punishment" more than the high motivation group, therefore the negative high probability of the accuracy rate higher than the motivation group. It is recommended that can select clinical samples for research in the future, in order to develop better treatment strategies which can enhance motivation and encourage patients to participate in the recovery process.

並列關鍵字

motivation ； probabilistic reward learning ； negative symptoms ； schizophrenia

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