有限的重複情境能否產生情境提示效果：注意力調節效果之初探

情境提示效果意旨在視覺搜尋過程中，隨著搜尋次數的增加，重複情境相較於隨機情境反應時間較快的現象。然而，在搜尋畫面中只有少數的干擾物重複時是否能產生情境提示效果尚未有明確的定論。本研究藉由操弄重複干擾物的顏色顯著性，檢驗對於情境線索（亦稱為重複干擾物）的注意力是否能調節有限重複情境的提示效果。實驗一發現當提升有限的重複干擾物被注意到的可能性時能產生情境提示效果。然而，在實驗二卻發現此效果可能來自於刺激數量較少的視覺搜尋。也就是說，因實驗一及實驗二的目標物和有限重複干擾物顏色皆相同，導致參與者只須在較少的刺激數量中尋找目標物。因此，須進一步確認在搜尋刺激數量較少時的情境提示效果。實驗三的結果發現當搜尋畫面只有二個重複干擾物及一個目標物時（搜尋刺激數量較少）無法產生情境提示效果。藉此推論在實驗二時，有限的重複情境下之所以無法產生情境提示效果可能為搜尋刺激數量較少所導致。因此在實驗四複製實驗二並且排除搜尋刺激數量較少的限制後發現，不論重複的干擾物為有限或者全部重複，皆能產生情境提示效果。換言之，在有限的重複情境下的情境提示效果並不能只取決於注意力的調節。最後在實驗五發現當增加目標物與干擾物區辨困難度後，有限的重複干擾物和目標物距離較近時，提升有限重複干擾物的注意力攫取能產生情境提示效果。本研究依據上述的發現，提出有限的重複干擾物對目標物搜尋影響的可能機制。

關鍵字

情境提示；注意力；記憶提取；算則式處理

並列摘要

Contextual cuing refers to the findings that visual search can be improved when the search context is repeated. However, it remains a puzzle whether small set-size repetition can lead to contextual cuing. Small set-size repeated context refers to the situation that only few of the distractors in the visual search display were repeated. The present study examined the hypothesis that attention to the contextual cues (i.e., the repeated distractors) modulated contextual cuing by manipulating whether the repeated distractors were color singletons. Experiment 1 showed that when being attended, small set-size repeated context could produce contextual cuing. Experiment 2, however, suggested that this benefit might be due to small set-size visual search. In other words, there was no strong evidence showing that small set-size repeated context could produce contextual cuing. This might be due to small set-size visual search because the target and the colored distractors were presented in the same color in Experiments 1 and 2 and the participants could search for the target in the small group of colored stimuli. Experiment 3 supported this possibility by showing that when there were only two distractors in search display and both were repeated (i.e., small set-size visual search), contextual cuing did not occur. Experiment 4 further supported this possibility by replicating Experiment 2 without small set-size visual search. In contrast to Experiment 2, the results of Experiment 4 showed the effect of contextual cuing regardless of whether only few or all distractors were repeated. Finally, Experiment 5 showed that attentional capture by the small set-size repeated context facilitated visual search when the spatial distance between the target and distractors was short. Possible mechanisms were discussed.

並列關鍵字

contextual cuing ； attention ； memory retrieval ； algorithmic processing

參考文獻

Biederman, I., Mezzanotte, R. J., & Rabinowitz, J. C. (1982). Scene perception: Detecting and judging objects undergoing relational violations. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 143-177.

Brady, T. F., & Chun, M. M. (2007). Spatial constraints on learning in visual search: modeling contextual cuing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33, 798-815.

Brockmole, J. R., & Henderson, J. M. (2006). Using real-world scenes as contextual cues for search. Visual Cognition, 13, 99-108.

Brockmole, J. R., Castelhano, M. S., & Henderson, J. M. (2006). Contextual cueing in naturalistic scenes: Global and local contexts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 699-706.

Chun, M. M. (2000). Contextual cueing of visual attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 170-177.

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有限的重複情境能否產生情境提示效果：注意力調節效果之初探

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