古典音樂、流行音樂節奏對幸福感之研究－以人格特質與生活壓力為干擾作用

音樂是生活中不可或缺的休閒活動之一，不僅可以放鬆心情，還能產生快樂與幸福感等附加價值。Woody和Burns (2001)指出，大多數人的音樂選擇為了表達個人情緒或情感，有90%的受試者認為他們選擇音樂是基於情感因素，這些人當中有 63%表示他們會選擇貼切於自己情感的音樂，37%選擇音樂是為了改變自己的情緒（例如使心情愉快或減少壓力）。而流行音樂音樂風格曾引發情感反應的百分比是87%，可見流行音樂可以引發大多數人的情感。音樂還可以消除心中的煩惱，誘導睡眠。過去許多學者的研究中曾提出快節奏音樂給人的印象是開心、愉快的；而慢節奏音樂給人的印象是寧靜、哀傷的，並會引發一些情緒反應；因此本研究欲探討音樂類型與節奏對幸福感的影響；美國心理學協會期刊研究也指出人們對音樂的選擇往往表現出其人格特質；Laxton和Perrin (2003)提出面臨越高的生活壓力，幸福感也易受到波動，故此本研究欲探討人格特質、生活壓力中對音樂（類別及節奏）與幸福感之影響。本研究將採取Diener et al.在1984與1985年所發展出之生活滿意量表與正負向情緒量表來衡量個人幸福感程度，並對題項做適度的修正以符合研究目的。在人格特質方面使用，本研究採用Friedman及Roseman (1974)的研究，分為A型(Type A)與B型(Type B)。生活壓力的定義採用張春興（1991）的研究提出壓力源主要來自生活環境，壓力感受也經常因為生活事件而持續存在。本研究採取紙本問卷及網路問卷方式發放，正式問卷共分為四種不同音樂分類發放問卷，第一種音樂分類（古典音樂─快節奏）、第二種音樂分類（古典音樂─慢節奏）、第三種音樂分類（流行音樂─快節奏）、第四種音樂分類（流行音樂─慢節奏），透過不同音樂類別及節奏對不同人發放問卷，共發出355份問卷，扣除填答全部一致以及沒有聆聽音樂習慣之無效問卷7份後，取得有效問卷為348份，利用SPSS統計軟體進行資料分析處理。研究結果顯示，呈現出流行音樂快節奏對幸福感中的正向情緒有顯著影響，流行音樂慢節奏對幸福感中的負向情緒有顯著影響。像是在聆聽緩慢與快速的音樂時，可以分別感受到平靜與激動的情緒，可能是這兩種音樂的節奏速度型態分別引發相應的情緒狀態。人格特質的干擾效果音樂對於聆聽者可能只是當下的情緒感受；壓力是長時間的累積，可能不會因聆聽音樂後降低目前的生活壓力，只能短暫的平緩心情，因此A/B型人格特質、生活壓力對於幸福感皆無顯著的干擾效果。

關鍵字

音樂類別, 音樂節奏, 幸福感, 人格特質, 生活壓力

並列摘要

Nowadays, music is one of the indispensable casual activities in life. From Nelson’s investigation, music not only can relax mind, but can create happiness and well-being. Woody and Burns (2001) pointed out, most people choose music to express personal feelings or emotions, 90% of the subjects believe they chose music based on emotional factors, 63% of these people said they would choose music match to their emotions, 37% choose the music to change their emotions (such as the mood or reduce stress ). While the percentage of pop music style that trigger the reflection of feeling was 87%, showing that pop music can trigger feelings of most people. Music can also eliminate mind problems and induce sleep. Many scholars said the fast-rhythm music provides impression of happy and enjoyable, therefore, the slow-rhythm music gives quiet and sad impression, and also triggers some emotional reactions. In order that this study inquire into if music category and the music rhythm can have an effect on well-being. American Psychological Association pointed out People's choice of music often shows their personality traits. Laxton and Perrin (2003) proposed that high-level of life stress could also effect to the well-being. So that this study inquire into personality traits and life stress have moderating effects of the music category, music rhythm on well-being. In this study, we took the well-being scale which includes life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions developed by Diener et al. in 1984 and 1985, and we made modest correction to match research purposes, and used personality trait proposed by Friedman and Roseman (1974) to classify Type A and Type B, and used the definition of life stress from Zhang (1991), who proposed that the stress mainly comes from the living environment, since the stress feelings can be triggered by the life events. The study applied both paper questionnaire and online questionnaire. The formal questionnaire was divided into four different classification of music-questionnaires, which were classical music─ fast rhythm, classical music─ slow rhythm, pop music─ fast rhythm, and pop music─ slow rhythm. There were totally 355 of the questionnaires received, after removing the invalid ones, and questionnaires from the respondents who don’t have hobbits of listening to music, 348 valid questionnaires were obtained, then applied SPSS to analyze. The results of the study showed that the fast rhythm of pop music has a significant impact on positive emotions in well-being. The slow rhythm of pop music has a significant impact on the negative emotions in well-being. For example, when listen to slow and fast music, it can bring calm and excited emotions respectively. It was possible that these two kinds of music rhythm patterns can lead to opposite emotional state as the hypothesis of this study. For the listeners, music can only influence moment of emotional feelings, however, stress usually takes a long time accumulate. Then listen to the music probably won’t reduce overall life stress but have short-lived relaxation. So A/B personality traits, life stress had no significant interference effects on well-being.