反芻思考和社會反應對憂鬱的影響

Effect of rumination and social reaction on depression

張捷(Chieh Chang)

指導教授 ： 洪福建

中原大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2016年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201600020

摘要

研究背景：過去研究指出，女性比男性經驗到更多的憂鬱症狀或疾患。Nolen-Hoeksema(1987)認為女性可能在缺乏社會支持資源的情況下，傾向使用反芻思考進而導致憂鬱。然而，根據Coyne(1976)的憂鬱人際互動模式觀點，個體的反芻思考特性，會引發他人的厭煩和拒絕，而他人的回饋反應會維持或惡化個體的憂鬱。人際互動同時具有正向與負向的回饋，亦即他人的反應也可能影響憂鬱。此外，近來研究發現憂鬱反芻概念可區分為苦惱自責和深思自省兩個因素，分別對應反芻思考的不適應性與適應性層面。目的：因此，除個體本身的特性外，同時考量相對應的他人反應，藉由檢驗反芻思考、社會反應與憂鬱間的關係，探討正向社會反應和負向社會反應對於個體憂鬱情緒調節的效果。方法：研究一採用428名大學生為樣本，為建立中文版社會反應量表的心理計量特性與因素結構。研究二採用355名大學生為樣本進行8個星期的追蹤，分別於時間點1和時間點2進行問卷測量，以探討反芻思考、社會反應與憂鬱之關係。結果：(1)中文版社會反應量表之因素結構為二階五因子模式，具良好的信效度；正向社會反應區分為同理接納和保護性支持反應，負向社會反應區分為忽視感受、限制感受和控制反應。(2) 女性在正向社會反應、同理接納反應和保護性支持反應均顯著高於男性；而男性僅在忽視感受反應上顯著高於女性。(3) 深思自省反芻會透過苦惱自責反芻影響憂鬱症狀；此外，T1深思自省反芻無法預測T1憂鬱症狀，但顯著預測T2憂鬱症狀。(4) 保護性支持和同理接納反應越多，憂鬱症狀越少；而忽視感受和控制反應越多，憂鬱症狀越嚴重。(5) 苦惱自責反芻越多，爾後會知覺越多負向社會反應而憂鬱症狀越嚴重，尤其是控制反應；深思自省反芻越多，爾後會知覺越多保護性支持和同理接納反應而減緩憂鬱症狀。知覺到越多的負向社會反應、保護性支持或控制反應，爾後會傾向使用越多反芻思考。討論：針對反芻思考、社會反應與憂鬱症狀之間的關係，以及性別差異，進行討論與整合，並提出臨床上的可能應用與未來研究方向。

關鍵字

苦惱自責反芻 ； 深思自省反芻 ； 社會反應 ； 憂鬱 ； 性別差異

並列摘要

Background: Past studies have indicated that women experience depressive symptoms or disorder more than men. Nolen-Hoeksema(1987) believed that women may, in the absence of social support resources, tend to ruminate led to depression.However, Coyne(1976) proposed an interpersonal theory of depression, Individual's ruminant thinking would lead to disgust and rejection of others, and these reaction from others would be to maintain or worsen depressive symptoms in individuals. Interpersonal both positive and negative feedback, as well as the reaction of others may also affect depression. In addition, recent studies have found that the concept of rumination can be divided into two factors, brooding and reflective, corresponding to maladaptive and adaptive.Purpose: In addition to the individual's own rumination, also consider the reaction from others.By testing the relationship among rumination, social reaction, and depression, examining how positive and negative social reactions affect emotion regulation.Method: Study 1 using a sample of 428 undergraduates, for the establishment of psychometric properties and factor structure of the Chinese version of the social reaction Scale. Study 2 using a sample of 355 undergraduates conducted eight weeks of tracking. Respectively at time 1 and time 2 were measured to investigate the relationship among rumination, social reaction, and depression.Results: (1) Factor Structure of the Chinese version of the social reaction scale of five second-order factor model, with good reliability and validity. Positive social reaction is divided into empathetic acceptance reaction and protective support reaction.Negative social reaction is divided into neglected feelings reaction, restricted feelings reaction, and control reaction. (2) Women in Positive social reactions, empathetic acceptance reactions, and protective support reactions were significantly higher than men. And men only significantly higher than women in neglected feelings reactions. (3) Reflective rumination affects depressive symptoms through brooding rumination. In addition, T1 reflective rumination could not predict T1 depressive symptoms, but significant predict T2 depressive symptoms. (4) The more protective support reactions and empathetic acceptance reactions, fewer depressive symptoms. And the more neglected feelings reactions and control reactions, the more severe depressive symptoms. (5) The more brooding rumination, and later will be perceived more negative social reactions and more severe depressive symptoms, especially to control reactions. And the more reflective rumination, and later will be perceived more protective support reactions and empathetic acceptance reactions, and fewer depressive symptoms. While perceived more negative social reactions, protective support reactions and control reactions, and later will tend to use more rumination thinking.Discussion: Base on above findings, discuss and integration for clinical applications and future research directions.

並列關鍵字

Brooding rumination ； Reflective rumination ； Social reaction ； Depression ； Gender difference

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