以社區資本視角探討鄉村韌性發展：福建山區鄉村案例研究

Exploring Rural Resilience Development from the Perspective of Community Capital: Two Case Studies of Mountainous Villages in Fujian

鄭志強(Zhi-Qiang Zheng)

指導教授 ： 周融駿

中原大學/設計學院/設計學博士學位學程/博士(2022年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu202200037

摘要

鄉村衰落是城市化過程中的一個必然現象，針對這一困境，各國政府相繼出臺相關政策以振興鄉村。鄉村衰弱的本質是鄉村社區資本存量不足，導致社區韌性缺乏，無法應對城市化的衝擊。因而，鄉村振興的目的，在於提高鄉村社區的社區資本存量，以提高鄉村社區的韌性，促進鄉村社區可持續發展。當前針對在城市化中受衝擊最為嚴重的山區鄉村的韌性建設研究極為匱乏。本文以山區鄉村為研究對象，探討在城市化衝擊背景下如何建設具有韌性的山區鄉村社區。本研究希望透過對相關的文獻梳理和實證研究，一方面探討建國後中國大陸鄉村社區韌性缺乏的原因；另一方面探討構成山區鄉村社區韌性的關鍵要素及關鍵要素間的因果關係。最後在上述研究的基礎上建構山區鄉村韌性社區的建設策略。為了達到上述研究目的，本研究結合了質性與量化的研究方法，應用了文獻分析、修正式德爾菲法、基於決策實驗室分析法的網路分析程式法(DEMATEL-based ANP)、參與式觀察及深度訪談來進行綜合研究。具體的研究結果如下：
1.中國大陸建國初期實行全能主義政治，國家權力全面介入鄉村，對中國大陸鄉村地區的社區資本造成了巨大的衝擊。雖然建國初期國家對農田水利設施建設及農民文化素質提升的重視，提高了鄉村的建成資本和人力資本，但對鄉村地區的嚴格控制及頻繁發動的政治運動，極大地削弱了鄉村地區的自然資本、文化資本、政治資本、社會資本和金融資本。全能主義政治影響導致鄉村社區資本存量不足是建國後鄉村社區韌性缺乏的重要誘因。
2.建構了包含5個構面16個準則的山區鄉村社區韌性評估架構，16個準則中國內生產總值、人口構成、教育狀況、政策與規劃、領導能力、社區參與、金融資本、產業多元化是構成山區鄉村社區韌性的關鍵因素。關鍵因素中人口構成、教育狀況及國內生產總值互相影響；此外，教育狀況影響了政策與規劃、領導能力、社區參與、金融資本及產業多元化。可以考慮以人口構成作為改善山區鄉村社區韌性的源頭，藉此帶動教育狀況持續改善，以進一步帶動其他關鍵因素的績效值改善。
3.龍潭村與湧山村不同韌性建設成效的原因在於，龍潭村在鄉村建設過程中透過人力資本改善，帶動了政治、經濟及社會等領域的改善，推動了社區資本螺旋式上升。驗證了上述關鍵因素研究中以人口構成作為改善山區鄉村社區韌性源頭的研究結果。
4.建構了基於社區資本視角的山區鄉村韌性社區建設策略。建設策略強調了下述幾個觀點的重要性：①吸引域外人進入山區鄉村。②充分的社區賦權以及多元化主體的建構。③加強以互聯網設施為主的新型基礎設施及教育、醫療與物流等公共服務建設。④應用數字技術推動鄉村產業轉型。⑤鄉村景觀及文化的保護與傳承。

關鍵字

社區韌性 ； 社區資本 ； 鄉村振興 ； 社區韌性評估 ； 韌性社區建設策略

並列摘要

Rural decline is an inevitable phenomenon in the process of urbanization. In response to this predicament, governments around the world have successively issued relevant policies to revitalize the countryside. The essence of rural weakness is the insufficient capital stock of rural communities, resulting in a lack of community resilience and inability to cope with the impact of urbanization. Therefore, the purpose of rural revitalization is to increase the community capital stock of rural communities, so as to improve the resilience of rural communities and promote the sustainable development of rural communities. At present, there is very little research on resilience building in mountain villages, which are most affected by urbanization. This paper takes mountain villages as the research object to explore how to build resilient mountain village communities in the context of urbanization shocks. This study hopes to explore the reasons for the lack of resilience of rural communities in mainland China on the one hand, and the key elements that constitute the resilience of rural communities in mountainous areas and the causal relationship between these key elements by reviewing relevant literature and empirical research. Finally, on the basis of the above research, a construction strategy of rural resilience communities in mountainous areas is constructed. In order to achieve the above research purposes, this study combines qualitative and quantitative research methods, applying literature analysis, modified Delphi method, DEMATEL-based ANP, participatory Observations and in-depth interviews were used to conduct comprehensive research. The specific research results are as follows:
1. In the early days of the founding of mainland China, omnipotent politics were implemented, and state power fully intervened in rural areas, which had a huge impact on community capital in rural areas in mainland China. Although the state attached great importance to the construction of farmland water conservancy facilities and the improvement of farmers' cultural quality in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, which increased the built-up capital and human capital of the countryside, the strict control over the rural areas and the frequent political campaigns have greatly weakened the natural capital of the rural areas. , cultural capital, political capital, social capital and financial capital. The lack of capital stock in rural communities due to the political influence of totalitarianism is an important incentive for the lack of resilience of rural communities after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
2. Constructed a resilience assessment framework for rural communities in mountainous areas with 5 dimensions and 16 criteria. The 16 criteria include GDP, population composition, education status, policy and planning, leadership, community participation, financial capital, and industrial diversity. Transformation is a key factor in the resilience of mountain village communities. Among the key factors are population composition, education status, and gross domestic product; in addition, education status affects policy and planning, leadership, community engagement, financial capital, and industrial diversification. Consideration can be given to using population composition as the source of improving the resilience of rural communities in mountainous areas, thereby driving the continuous improvement of education conditions, which will further drive the improvement of the performance values of other key factors.
3. The reason why Longtan Village and Yongshan Village have different resilience building results is that Longtan Village, through the improvement of human capital in the process of rural construction, has led to improvements in political, economic and social fields, and has promoted the spiral of community capital. It validates the findings of the above-mentioned key factor studies that use population composition as the source of improving the resilience of rural communities in mountainous areas.
4. Constructing a resilience community construction strategy in mountain villages based on the perspective of community capital. The construction strategy emphasizes the importance of the following points: 1. Attracting foreigners into the mountain villages. 2. Adequate community empowerment and the construction of multiple subjects. 3. Strengthen the construction of new infrastructure mainly based on Internet facilities and public services such as education, medical care and logistics. 4. Apply digital technology to promote the transformation of rural industries. 5. Protection and inheritance of rural landscape and culture.

並列關鍵字

Community Resilience ； Community Capital ； Rural Revitalization ； Community Resilience Assessment ； Resilient Community Building Strategies

參考文獻

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