學齡前兒童、母親之氣質適配度與兒童問題行為、母親親職壓力及其親職效能感之關聯

Rothbart將氣質視為生理與發展過程之交互作用的組合。學齡前兒童的氣質包括負向情感 (Negative Affect)、騰動性/外向性 (Surgency/Extraversion) 和主動控制 (Efforful Control)，母親的氣質除了負向情感、騰動性/外向性和主動控制外，亦包括定向敏銳度 (Orienting Sensitivity)。儘管學齡前兒童與其母親二人皆具有相同的氣質因素，然氣質對個體而言是具有個別差異的。學齡前兒童與其母親二者間之不同適配度 (goodness of fit) 亦會對各結果指標帶來不同的影響，因此本研究將探討兒童氣質與母親氣質之適配度對兒童問題行為 (Child Problem Behavior)、母親親職壓力 (Maternal stress) 及母親親職效能感 (Maternal Efficacy) 之關聯。本研究目的如下：一、探討學齡前兒童之氣質對於兒童問題行為、母親親職壓力及母親親職效能感之主效果；二、探討母親之氣質對於兒童問題行為、母親親職壓力及母親親職效能感之主效果；三、探討學齡前兒童氣質與母親氣質二者之交互對於兒童問題行為、母親親職壓力及母親親職效能感之適配度。本研究採用橫斷式研究設計 (Cross-sectional study)，共80對學齡前兒童 (3歲0個月至7歲9個月 ) 與其母親參與研究。在研究中，母親填答成人氣質量表 (Adult Temperament Questionnaire, ATQ)、兒童行為量表 (Children Behavior Questionnaire, CBQ)、兒童問題行為檢核表 (Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL)、親職壓力量表簡式版 (Parenting Stress Index: Short Form, PSI-SF) 及親職能力感量表 (Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, PSOC) 以蒐集兒童與母親之氣質、兒童問題行為、母親親職壓力及母親親職效能感之資料，並以魏氏幼兒智力測驗 (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition, WPPSI-IV) 蒐集兒童之全量表智力分數 (Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, FSIQ) 。透過階層迴歸進行分析，在控制兒童智力、母親教育程度後，本研究發現如下：一、以兒童氣質預測兒童問題行為、母親親職壓力、母親親職效能感：僅兒童負向情感氣質顯著預測兒童內化性問題行為；兒童三大氣質皆可預測兒童外化性問題行為；僅兒童主動控制顯著預測親子失功能互動指標；兒童負向情感氣質、主動控制氣質顯著預測困難兒童指標及親職壓力總分。二、以母親氣質預測兒童問題行為、母親親職壓力、母親親職效能感：母親騰動性/外向性氣質顯著預測父母困擾指標；母親負向情感氣質、騰動性/外向性氣質顯著預測親職壓力總分；母親負向情感氣質顯著預測滿意度指標。三、以兒童氣質與母親氣質二者之交互預測兒童問題行為、母親親職壓力、母親親職效能感：母親負向情感氣質可調節兒童負向情感氣質與母親親職效能感中滿意度之關係；母親負向情感氣質可調節兒童騰動性/外向性與母親親職壓力中困難兒童之關係；母親主動控制氣質可調節兒童騰動性/外向性氣質與母親親職效能感中滿意度之關係；兒童主動控制氣質可調節母親騰動性/外向性氣質與母親親職壓力中困難兒童之關係；兒童主動控制氣質可調節母親騰動性/外向性氣質與母親親職壓力中親職壓力總分之關係。綜整研究結果可發現，負向情感氣質對於兒童與母親最為重要。本研究結果可幫助母親從不同的面向了解兒童之問題行為，並從中了解兒童氣質、自身氣質以及兒童與不同環境間之適配，從而幫助兒童有較佳的發展，並在教養兒童的過程中得以降低親職壓力，提升親職效能感。關鍵字：兒童問題行為、母親親職效能感、母親親職壓力、氣質

關鍵字

母親親職效能感；母親親職壓力；兒童問題行為；氣質

並列摘要

Temperament is defined as the composition of biological and developmental processes by Mary Rothbart, which included negative affect, surgency/extraversion, efforful control for both preschoolers and their maternal. In addition, maternal’s temperament also included orienting sensitivity. Despite both of preschoolers and maternals possesses elements mentioned above, it cause individual difference. Goodness of fit between preshoolers and their maternal temperament might be due to different outcomes, thus present study focused on the goodness of fit between children temperament and maternal temperament in children problem behavior, maternal stress and maternal efficacy. Consequently, the purposes of this study are as follows. First, to investigate the main effect of preschooler’s temperament on children problem behavior, maternal stress and maternal efficacy. Second, to investigate the main effect of maternal’s temperament on children problem behavior, maternal stress and maternal efficacy. Third, to investigate the goodness of fit between preschooler’s temperament and maternal’s temperament effect on children problem behavior, maternal stress and maternal efficacy. This study conducted a cross-sectional design. 80 preschoolers (aged from 3yr. 0mo. to 7yr. 11mo.) and their mother who participated in this research. Several questionnaires were filled up by mothers as following: the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ) for obtaining mother’s temperament, the Children Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) for obtaining preschooler’s temperament, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for obtaing preschooler’s problem behavior, the Parenting Stress Index: Short Form (PSI-SF) for obtaining maternal stress types index and Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) for obtaining maternal efficacy types index. Besides that, preschoolers were conducted the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition (WPPSI- IV) for obtaining the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) score. By hierarchical regression analysis, controlled child gender, child FSIQ and maternal education, results indicated in three parts. First of all, preschooler’s negative affect temperament uniquely predicted children internalizing problem behavior, and all of the preschooler’s temperament predicted externalizing problem behavior. Secondly, maternal’s surgency/extraversion temperament predicted parental distress index. Both of maternal’s negative affect temperament and surgency/extraversion temperament predicted total scores of maternal stress. Maternal’s negative affect temperament predicted satisfication index. Thirdly, preschooler’s negative affect temperament and satisfication index of maternal efficacy would moderate by maternal’s negative affect temperament; preschooler’s surgency/extraversion temperament and difficult child index of maternal stress would moderate by maternal’s negative affect temperament; preschooler’s surgency/extraversion temperament and satisfication index of maternal efficacy would moderate by maternal’s efforful control; maternal’s surgency/extraversion temperament and difficult child index of maternal stress would moderate by preschooler’s efforful control temaperament; maternal’s surgency/extraversion temperament and total stress of maternal stress would moderate by preschooler’s efforful control temaperament. As result, negative affect is the most important temperament for both preschooler and their maternal. Studies provided maternal recognize the temperament of their children and themselves. While maternal acknowledge both of their temperament and how that interact, it is a way to decrease their parenting stress and increase maternal efficacy while brining up a child. It will also be more beneficial for preschooler developing in future. Keywords: Children Problem Behavior, Maternal Efficacy, Maternal Stress, Temperament

並列關鍵字

maternal stress ； child problem behavior ； temperament ； maternal efficacy

參考文獻

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