非臨床被害意念者的自傳式記憶屬性與情緒、自我和他人信念之關係

The relationship between the attributes of autobiographical memory and emotion, the beliefs of self and others in subclinical population with paranoid ideation

劉羽修(YU-HSIU LIU)

指導教授 ： 洪福建

中原大學/理學院/心理學系/碩士(2022年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu202201119

摘要

研究背景與目的：被害妄想是思覺失調症中常見的正性症狀之一，目前的研究對於被害妄想形成的機制主要有兩大觀點。Bentall(1994)等人提出歸因-自我表徵模型，認為被害妄想的本質與憂鬱相關，個體因避免負向自我表徵被觸及，以自利歸因偏誤作為防衛機制，導致被害妄想的形成，因此，被害妄想個體對自己有較負向的信念。另一觀點則以Freeman(2007)等人提出的威脅預期模型為主，被害妄想個體認為自己較為脆弱且他人對自己具有威脅性，導致個體產生焦慮和憤怒，對他人有較高的負向信念，對自己較無負向信念。對於被害意念個體有不一致的自我信念和情緒，本研究將探究被害意念者的自傳式記憶表現，以記憶事件的敘述細節釐清被害意念者的信念和情緒。
研究方法：研究共招募90位大學生參與者。所有參與者須完成基本資料調查問卷、WIMI記憶方談、Green被害意念量表、簡短核心基模量表、貝克憂鬱量表第二版中文版、特質焦慮量表、特質生氣量表。依Green被害意念量表得分，將參與者分成三組被害意念程度，釐清不同被害意念程度認可心像和記憶的比例、心像和記憶敘述的細節表現、提取心像和記憶時的主觀感受，以及心像和記憶敘述的細節表現預測被害意念的能力。
研究結果：高被害意念者傾向報告有較多負向的人際互動心像和記憶，低被害意念者報告有較少的負向的人際互動心像和記憶，報告有正向心像和記憶的比例不受被害意念影響。多數心像和記憶敘述的細節表現在三組中未有差異，反而是情境對於所有參與者的敘述細節表現有較大的影響。在心像、記憶的主觀感受報告中，高被害意念者在提取負向經驗時有較高的負向情緒，但提取正向經驗時，正向情緒並不受被害意念程度影響。在心像和記憶敘述細節預測被害意念上，負向經驗較可預測被害意念，其中，負向記憶中的負向情緒細節、負向他人細節和感官知覺細節可預測被害意念。
結論：本研究是第一次以WIMI方式探究被害意念者的心像和自傳式記憶表現，發現被害意念者如同社交焦慮個體有較多的負向心像。雖然從量表中可以發現被害意念較高者有較高的負向自我和負向他人信念，但目前無法直接從人際威脅心像或記憶中釐清高被害意念者與低被害意念者的負向他人細節和負向自我細節差異，然而我們從預測結果中可發現負向他人信念與被害意念有較強韌的關係。

關鍵字

被害妄想 ； 被害意念 ； WIMI 記憶訪談 ； 情節敘述細節

並列摘要

Background and purpose. Persecutory delusion is one of the common positive symptoms of schizophrenia. There are two theories about how delusions of persecution develop. Proposed the attribution-self-representation model by Bentall(1994), in which the nature of delusion is related to depression. However, to avoid negative self-representation, individuals use self-serving attribution bias as a defense mechanism, leading to the formation of the persecutory delusion. Therefore, persecutory delusion individuals should have more negative beliefs about themselves, just like depressed individuals. On the other hand, the threat anticipation cognitive model by Freeman (2007), in which individuals with persecutory delusions think that they are vulnerable and others are threatening themselves, which leads to anxiety and anger, and they have high negative beliefs about others, but no negative beliefs about themselves. This study aimed to understand the beliefs and emotions of paranoid ideation through images and memories narratives.
Methods. This study recruits 90 student participants. All subjects were required to complete the Basic Information Questionnaire, the Waterloo Images and Memories Interview(WIMI), Green et al. Paranoid Scales(GPTS), Brief Core Schema Scale(BCSS), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI-II), The Trait Anxiety Inventory, and The Trait-Angry Expression Inventory. According to the score of GPTS, the subjects were divided into three groups. To compare that, how paranoid ideation effect mental image and memory recognition, image and memory narratives, subjective characteristics of images and memories, and the ability of memory narrative details to predict paranoid ideation.
Results. On negative experience, people with high paranoid ideation tended to report more negative images and memories, while those with low paranoid ideation reported fewer negative images and memories. The proportion of positive images and memories reported was not affected by the paranoid ideation. Most of the details of mental image and memory narration did not differ between the three groups, but the context had a great influence on the details of narration. In the subjective characteristic report, the subjects with high paranoid ideation had higher negative emotions when retrieving negative experiences, but the positive emotion was not affected by the degree of paranoid ideation when retrieving positive experiences. The negative experience was more effective in predicting paranoia than the positive experience. Negative emotional details, negative other details, and sensory perception details in negative memory were more effective in predicting paranoid ideation.
Discussion. This study is the first to explore the mental images and autobiographical memory of paranoid individuals by using WIMI. We found that paranoid individuals have negative images as social anxiety. There are differences in BCSS between high and low paranoid individuals, but there is no difference in details of narration between self and others in image and memory. From the predicted results, negative beliefs about others have a stronger relationship with paranoid ideation than negative beliefs about self.

並列關鍵字

persecutory delusion ； paranoid ideation ； WIMI ； episodic narrative details

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