時間在空間中的走向：以手勢探討中英文雙語者的時空隱喻

The Spatial Alignment of time：Using Gestures to Explore the Temporal-Spatial Metaphors of Chinese-English Bilinguals and English - Chinese Bilinguals.

林得蓉(LIN-TE-JUNG)

指導教授 ： 葉理豪

中原大學/理學院/心理學系/碩士(2022年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu202201128

摘要

時間是一種抽象概念，因此人們多藉由具體的空間來表示時間，而時間觀點與方向性詞彙會影響個體在不同軸度上建構時空隱喻。過去研究顯示在中文環境中，中文母語者以方向性詞彙為時空隱喻的主要因素，而在英文環境中，英文母語者則以時間觀點為影響他們時空隱喻的主要因素，但是中文和英文的雙語者是如何分別在母語與第二語言環境中建構時空隱喻則尚未明確。因此，本研究分別探討在中文與英文環境中，母語使用者或第二語言使用者的時空隱喻有何異同，並預期第二語言使用者的時空隱喻模式會受到第一語言的影響，而展現和母語者不完全相同的時空建構。
在實驗一中，33名中文母語者和27名英－中雙語者透過線上視訊的方式，隨機聆聽32個中文句子，而句子依據描述的內容的時間狀態(過去和未來)、觀點 (直示和序列)以及方向詞(有和無)分為八類共32題。參與者會在聆聽完每一道句子之後，立即以手勢標示出該句的過去或未來的方向(前後、左右或上下)。而實驗二參與者包含30名英文母語者和30名中－英雙語者。實驗二的的研究程序與實驗一完全相同，唯一的差別是參與者聆聽的是英文句子。
實驗一的結果顯示，無論是中文母語者或是英-中雙語者，他們都最常在矢狀軸上表示時間，也都傾向在未來指向前方與過去指向後方。兩組參與者最大的差異在於軸度使用的傾向。對於中文母語者，當直式觀點句子中出現方向性詞時，他們會更常使用矢狀軸，反之，當序列觀點句子中出現方向性詞時，他們則減少矢狀軸的使用。但是對於英－中雙語者，方向性詞彙對於在直示觀點句子的軸度使用傾向沒有造成影響。上述結果顯示了至少在直示觀點句中，相對於中文母語者，方向性詞彙對於英中文雙語者使用中文時的時空隱喻影響較低。實驗二的結果顯示在軸度使用的傾向上，方向性詞彙使得兩組參與者都在直示觀點句子中更少使用橫軸，但是在序列觀點句子中更常使用橫軸。兩組參與者的主要差別在於時間方向的投射，雖然兩組參與者最常在矢狀軸上表示時間，但是當他們採用垂直軸時，英文母語者沒有顯著的方向傾向，但中－英雙語者傾向將未來指向下方。這個將未來指向下方的傾向與中文裡通常以「下」表示較晚的時間一致。
整體而言，本研究顯示雙語者在使用第二語言時，確實會受到第一語言的影響和展現出與母語者有所差異的時空建構，並且本研究還發現實驗環境是否與自然情境相似，會影響個體對方向性時間詞的解讀。

關鍵字

時空隱喻 ； 時間觀點 ； 方向性詞彙 ； 軸度 ； 雙語者

並列摘要

Time is an abstract concept, so people often use specific space to express time, and the perspective and directional words will affect the way individuals construct the spatiotemporal metaphor at different axes. Past research has shown that in the Chinese environment, Chinese native speakers use directional words as the main factor of spatiotemporal metaphor, while in the English environment, native English speakers take the perspective of time as the main factor affecting their spatiotemporal metaphor, but how Chinese and English bilinguals construct space-time in their native language and second language environment respectively is remained unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the similarities and differences between the spatiotemporal metaphors of native language and second language users in the Chinese and English environments and foresaw that the spatiotemporal metaphor of second language users would be affected by their first language, and their spatiotemporal metaphor would not be the same as that of native speakers.
In Experiment 1, 33 Chinese native speakers and 27 English-Chinese bilinguals listened to 32 randomized Chinese sentences online, and the sentences were divided into eight categories based on the time (past and future), perspective (deictic and sequential perspective), and directional words (with and without). After listening to each sentence, participants indicated the direction of past or future in the sentence (front, back, left, right, up, or down) immediately. The second experiment included 30 native English speakers and 30 Chinese-English bilinguals. The procedure of Experiment 2 was the same as Experiment 1 and the only difference was that Experiement was conducted in English.
The results of Experiment 1 showed that both Chinese native speakers and English - Chinese Bilinguals tended to indicate time on the sagittal axis, and are also most likely to point forward for the future and backward for the past. The major difference between the two groups was the tendency of axis selction. Chinese speakers used the sagittal axis more often when directional words were embeded in deictic perspective sentences. Conversely, they reduced the use of the sagittal axis when directional words were embeded in sequential perspective sentences,. However, for English-Chinese bilinguals, directional words had no impact on the tendency of axis selction in the deictic perspective sentences. The above results showed that, at least in the deictic perspective sentences, the directional words had a lower impact on the spatiotemporal metaphor of English-Chinese bilinguals in the Chinese environment.
The results of Experiment 2 showed that the transverse axis was more often used in sequential sentences. The main difference between the two groups of participants laid on the direction of projection of time. Although the two groups of participants mostly represented the time on the longitudinal axis, native English speakers did not have a significant directional tendency. However, the Chinese-English Bilinguals tended to point downward for future. This tendency to point the future downwards was consistent with verbal experssion in Chinese in which the later time is usually expressed as " Xià [dowan] ".
Overall, this study showed that when using the second language, bilinguals are indeed affected by their first language and showed spatiotemporal metaphors that are different from native speakers. Moreover, this study also found that whether the experimental environment is similar to the natural situation or not would affect the individual's interpretation of directional words.

並列關鍵字

Spatiotemporal metaphors ； Perspective ； Directional language ； Axis ； Bilingual

參考文獻

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