探討減碳議題對製造業供應鏈廠商之因應策略

現今工業化進程，造成全球氣候變化、環境問題及能源危機，且世界碳排放問題逐年加劇，製造業面臨各種減碳排壓力，全球各國也因而制定碳權交易市場，控制其國內碳排量，企業要如何在這減碳壓力下制定策略，激發對減碳議題之重視，是企業未來發展重要關鍵因素，並使其供應鏈廠商能夠共同加入減碳排行列。因此，本研究期望從碳效能供應鏈管理理論，探討製造業供應鏈廠商在減碳議題之下如何制定策略，藉此，提供製造業其因應方向。本研究透過文獻整理，整理出在碳效能供應鏈管理理論中，企業在供應鏈各個構面其碳排放決策，因而獲得四構面17項準則，構面分為原物料、生產／製造、銷售、運輸，從這幾個構面下之準則進行分析，主要以量化之方式進行分析，調查對象以製造業廠商為主要研究標的，另外，為了避免專家意見之偏誤，特別挑選了在企業內部具一定決策權之專家，專家問卷回收數量共16份，運用決策實驗分析法（Decision Making Trial and Evaluation；DEMATEL），以檢驗出原物料、生產／製造、銷售與運輸中之準則間相互依存關聯性，並更進一步使用修訂DANP法（A New Version of DANP），了解製造業供應鏈廠商在減碳議題下，原物料、生產／製造、銷售與運輸中之準則權重值，與分析其重要性程度，屆時提供給製造業供應鏈廠商在執行減碳時之策略思維。研究結果顯示，供應鏈廠商在執行減碳策略決策時，主要受到材料購買上的訂購頻率、採購產品的頻率、原物料物品容量控制、運輸頻率的決策及運輸過程中產生的碳排量的影響，為製造業供應鏈廠商實行減碳策略之關鍵因素。本研究也透過前瞻企業如Apple、台積電、Microsoft、Amazon之減碳策略進行整理，找出九項廠商實際方案，運用折衷排序法（VIKOR）評估製造業供應鏈廠商之最適減碳方案。研究結果顯示，製造業供應鏈廠商最適合之方案，第一方案為使用低碳能源，第二方案為減少碳足跡，為製造業提供在面臨減碳議題最合適之方案。當製造業供應鏈在執行減碳策略時，其應該從內部各個流程（原物料、生產／製造、銷售及運輸）進行改善，並與其供應鏈廠商進行合作，共同達到減碳排之目標，且在最適方案選擇顯示，低碳能源與減少碳足跡之使用是現在供應鏈在乎之方法，為企業提供在減碳問題重要決策方向。關鍵字：碳排放、碳權交易市場、修訂DANP法、折衷排序法VIKOR。

關鍵字

碳排放；碳權交易市場；修訂DANP法；折衷排序法；碳效能供應鏈管理

並列摘要

The current industrialization process has caused global climate change, environmental problems and energy crisis, and the world's carbon emission problem has been increasing year by year. The manufacturing industry is facing various pressures to reduce carbon emissions, so countries around the world have developed a carbon rights market to control their domestic carbon emissions. How the companies should formulate strategies under the pressure of carbon reduction and stimulate their attention to carbon reduction issues is an important key factor in the future development of companies, and enable their supply chain manufacturers to join the ranks of carbon reduction. Therefore, this research hopes to explore how manufacturers in the manufacturing supply chain formulate strategies of the carbon reduction issues from the perspective of carbon-efficiency supply chain management theory, so as to provide a direction for the manufacturing industry to respond. Through the literature review, this study sorted out the carbon emission decisions of enterprises in various aspects of the supply chain in the carbon-efficiency supply chain management theory. The literature obtains 17 criteria from four dimensions, which are divided into raw materials, production/manufacturing, sales, and transportation. The analysis is mainly carried out quantitatively. The survey object takes manufacturing manufacturers as the main research object. In order to avoid the bias of expert opinion, the questionnaire specially selected experts who have certain decision-making power within the enterprise. A total of 16 expert questionnaires were returned, and the (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation；DEMATEL) was used to examine the interdependence among the criteria in raw materials, production/manufacturing, sales and transportation. Use the (A New Version of DANP) to understand the standard weights of raw materials, production/manufacturing, sales and transportation for manufacturers in the manufacturing supply chain of carbon reduction issues, and analyze their importance. Strategic thinking of manufacturing supply chain manufacturers in implementing carbon reduction. The research results show that when supply chain manufacturers implement carbon reduction strategy decisions. They are mainly affected by the order frequency of material purchases, the frequency of purchased products, the capacity control of raw materials, the decision-making of transportation frequency, and the carbon emissions generated during transportation. The above criteria are key factors for manufacturers in the manufacturing supply chain to implement carbon reduction strategies. This research also organizes the carbon reduction strategies of forward-looking companies such as Apple, TSMC, Microsoft, and Amazon, and finds out nine manufacturers' practical solutions. The study uses the (VIKOR) to evaluate the most suitable carbon reduction solutions for manufacturers in the manufacturing supply chain. The research results show that the most suitable solutions for manufacturers in the manufacturing supply chain are the use of low-carbon energy, and the second solution is to reduce carbon footprint. When the manufacturing supply chain is implementing a carbon reduction strategy, it should improve its internal processes (raw materials, production/manufacturing, sales and transportation), and cooperate with its supply chain manufacturers to jointly achieve the goal of reducing carbon emissions. The best options show that the use of low-carbon energy sources and reducing carbon footprints is what the supply chain cares about now. Provide important decision-making directions for enterprises in carbon reduction issues. Key words: carbon emmissions, carbon market, DANP, VIKOR。