現代漢語時態系統研究與其教學-以「了1」為例

基於Comrie (1985:13)和Comrie (1976:42)的研究基礎上，我們進一步定義「時制(tense)表示標記事件發生的時間，透過動詞表示過去、現在和未來的時間意涵。」而「時態是事件內部的時間結構，並且時間結構取決於發言者的觀察方式：開始、延續和結束。」　　漢語是一個具有時態(aspect)而不是時制的語言，其語法手段是使用時態標記表示時態，並且現代漢語存在一套時態系統，在這個系統下共有三個類別：「時態動詞(aspectual verbs)、時相(phases)和時態助詞(aspectual particles)。」　　根據Freed (1979)的研究，我們將時態動詞(aspectual verbs)分為三類：「起始類、持續類、終結類」，時態動詞的出現表示談論對象原來的狀態與現在不同。對比鄭良偉(1989)和《當代中文課程》(2015)時相的分類，我們認為漢語的時相(phases)有3個，分別為「完1、好1、過2」，用來表現動詞內在時間結構。時態助詞(aspectual particles)用來表示事件的內部時間結構，以「了1」表示完成、「著1」表示持續和「過1」表示完結經驗。　　藉由本文在台灣所能蒐集到的語料(包括：書籍語料、網路語料、線上語料庫等)，分析出漢語時態動詞與時態助詞「了1」和漢語時相與時態助詞「了1」二者相互搭配的關係。　　最後，本文透過鄧守信(1997)華語中介語語料庫之語料，調查學習者在學習時態助詞「了1」時產生的偏誤，分析其產生偏誤之原因，並提出以學習者為主的教學方法，希望本文能在以漢語做為第二語言教學的領域中提供教師們參考。

關鍵字

時態；時態動詞；時相標記；時態標記；時態教學

並列摘要

On the basis of the study by Comrie (1985:13) and Comrie (1976:42), we further define that tense is the time of the event occurrence, and show the tense in the past, present and future by verbs, tense relates to the marking on verbs, e.g. in English, that agrees with the time of the events in question. Aspect are the internal time structures of events and it’s depending on the viewing ways of the speakers： beginning, continuance and the end. Chinese is an aspectual, but not tensal, language, and it uses aspect makers and aspectual verbs for indications. We have a set of aspect systems in modern Chinese, and there are three categories in this system: ‘aspectual verbs, phases, and aspectual particles. On the basis of the study by Freed (1979:38), we further classify aspectual verbs into three categories: ‘start, continue, and terminations.’ Aspectual verbs indicate the internal temporal structures of events through a set of auxiliary verbs. In contrast to the classification of Zheng (1989) and “A Course in Contemporary Chinese” (Teng, ed 2015), we postulate that there are three phases in Chinese, namely ‘wán1, hǎo1, guò2’, which are used to express the inner temporal structures of the verbs. Aspectual particles are used to represent the internal time structure of events. (Vendler 1967:122) ‘le1’ means completion, ‘zhe1’ means continuous, and ‘guò1’ means the ending. Through the corpus that we collect in Taiwan, including: books, online corpus, etc., we analyze the relationship between Chinese aspectual verbs and the aspectual particle ‘le1’ as well as the Chinese phases and aspectual particles ‘le1’. Finally, through the corpus of the Chinese Interlanguage Corpus of Teng (1997), we investigate the learners' errors in learning aspectual particle ‘le1’and analyze the causes of their interlanguage. We further suggest teaching methods of learner-oriented instructional principle and hope that this thesis can provide L2 Chinese instructors some assistance in the teaching of Chinese aspectual systems.