角色義務對犧牲知覺的影響

The Effect of Role Obligations on Sacrifice Perception

簡家琦(Chia-Chi Chien)

指導教授 ： 危芷芬

中原大學/理學院/心理學系/碩士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/CYCU.2008.00362

摘要

摘要
本研究主要的目的是探討角色義務與犧牲知覺的關係。過去西方心理學家主張，自我利益受損可以直接反映出犧牲知覺的程度，而且自我犧牲行為有助於親密關係的維繫(Van Lange et al., 1997)。然而在華人社會中，還有其他因素可能影響犧牲知覺。許多學者（如費孝通，1948；許烺光，1985；楊國樞，1993；黃光國，1988）都強調關係對華人社會行為的重要性。他們認為，關係不但會影響外顯行為，也會影響個人對外在環境與事件的認知。另外，危芷芬（2001）指出：關係會影響人際義務的強度，而且情感狀態只在無血緣的非家人關係有所影響。研究者推論犧牲知覺不僅受到利益耗損的影響，還受到關係、角色義務及情感狀態的影響。

研究者藉由兩個研究來驗證上述推論。研究一，探討個人目標與角色義務發生衝突時，關係與選擇結果對犧牲知覺的影響。研究一為3×2之二因子完全受試者間設計，獨變項為關係（家人、朋友、陌生人）、選擇結果（角色義務、個人目標）；依變項為犧牲知覺；共變項為義務感重要性、盡本份程度、個人目標重要性、自我利益受損程度。本研究之參與者為中原大學學生184人。研究工具為研究者所編製之情境模擬問卷。結果顯示，當故事主角選擇符合角色義務的情況下，在陌生人關係時其犧牲知覺大於朋友關係，又大於家人關係；而故事主角選擇個人目標時，在家人關係時其犧牲知覺大於朋友關係，又大於陌生人關係。此外，從相關分析得知，在非家人關係中，犧牲知覺與關係維繫以及結交意願呈現中或高度正相關，但是在家人關係當中的相關較低。上述結果符合黃光國（1988）之人情與面子理論模式，也顯示出華人之角色義務的重要性。

研究二，探究在個人目標與角色義務發生衝突而選擇角色義務時，關係與情感狀態對犧牲知覺的影響。研究二為2×2之二因子受試者間設計，獨變項為關係（家人、朋友）、情感狀態（正向情感、負向情感）；依變項為犧牲知覺；共變項為義務感重要性、盡本份程度、個人目標重要性、自我利益受損程度。本研究之參與者為中原大學學生122人。研究工具為研究者所編製之情境模擬問卷。統計分析的結果顯示，關係的主要效果達到顯著水準，事後比較顯示朋友關係的犧牲知覺大於家人關係。情感的主要效果未達顯著，可能原因是本研究施測問卷中所涉及的情境為放棄出國深造的理想，對於參與者而言所產生的犧牲感相當大，造成天花板效應；也可能是因為參與者沒有親身經歷這樣的狀況，因此未能突顯出情感狀態的效果。相關分析顯示，犧牲知覺與人際關係變項的相關隨著情感狀態而有所差異。當雙方處於正向情感時，犧牲知覺與關係品質呈現正相關，犧牲知覺愈大，則未來人際關係進展順利；當雙方處於負向情感時，犧牲知覺與關係品質呈現負相關，表示犧牲知覺愈大，則未來關係越糟。本研究結果部份支持Van Lange等人（1997）以及楊宜音（2001）的觀點。

綜合研究一與研究二的結果，相同行為所產生的犧牲知覺會因為角色關係義務的差異而有所不同。然而因受限於本研究的測量工具，僅測量未來關係進展，並未納入未來互動或故事主角的情緒反應。另外也建議未來研究可以針對其他類型之資源付出以及幫助陌生人之慈善動機等層面更進一步探討。

關鍵字

角色義務 ； 犧牲知覺 ； 關係主義

並列摘要

This research was aimed to explore the association between role obligations and sacrifice perception. According to previous Western studies, the cost of behavior parallels sacrifice and behavior of self-sacrifice contributes to maintaining intimate relation (e.g. Van Lange, et al., 1997). But there are other factors which influence sacrifice perception. A lot of theorists emphasized the importance of interpersonal relationships in Chinese societies. In addition, according to Wei (2001), interpersonal obligations vary with type of relationships, and affect matters only in the context of non-family relationships. It was inferred that sacrifice perception is not only influenced by cost of behavior, but also by of role obligation and affect.

We examined our reasons upon two researches. Study 1 was to investigate how sacrifice perception was influenced by the choice between personal goal and role obligation. It was a 3 (relationship type: family, friend or stranger) × 2 (choice: role obligation or personal goal) completely between-subject factorial design with covariates of importance of personal goal and role obligation, and lose of self-benefits. 184 Chung Yuan Christian University students completed the scenario questionnaire. The result of ANCOVA showed that subjects rated sacrifice perception of fulfilling role obligation higher in stranger condition than friends and family. And when the actors chose to pursue personal goals, sacrifice perception was rated highest in family condition than friends, and higher in friend condition than stranger. According to correlation analysis, sacrifice perception was more positive correlated to quality of future relationship in non-family relationships than family.

Study 2 explored the impact of type of relationships and affect on sacrifice perception. It was a 2 (relationship type family, friend) × 2 (positive or negative affect) completely between-subject factorial design with covariates of importance of personal goal and role obligation, and lose of self-benefits. 122 Chung Yuan Christian University students participated in the study. Sacrifice perception was significantly different between family and friendships, but not influenced by affect. It was probably due to inadequate design or lack of ecological validity of measurement. Correlation analysis showed different pattern for positive and negative affect. When the actor s were in positive affect with the other person, sacrifice perception was positively related to the quality of future relationship; when they were in negative affect, sacrifice perception was negatively related to the quality of future relationship. The result was similar to Van Lange and Rusbult, et al. (1997) and Yang (2001).

In summary, the research showed that sacrifice perception was influenced by role obligation in relationships. More variables would be included into further study, such as future interaction or emotional responses. It was also suggested that resources other than money and charity for strangers were explored.

並列關鍵字

sacrifice perception ； Chinese relationalism ； role obligation

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